Numerous experiments and calculations have shown that isolated metal clusters possess many interesting features, quite different from those known from surface and solid- state physics or from atomic and molecular physics. The technological exploitation of these new properties, e.g. in miniature electronic or mechanical components, requires the cluster to be brought into an environment such as an encapsulating matrix or a surface. Due to the interaction with the contact medium, the properties of the clusters may change or even disappear. Thus the physics of cluster-on-surface systems -- the…mehr
Numerous experiments and calculations have shown that isolated metal clusters possess many interesting features, quite different from those known from surface and solid- state physics or from atomic and molecular physics. The technological exploitation of these new properties, e.g. in miniature electronic or mechanical components, requires the cluster to be brought into an environment such as an encapsulating matrix or a surface. Due to the interaction with the contact medium, the properties of the clusters may change or even disappear. Thus the physics of cluster-on-surface systems -- the main subject of this book -- is of fundamental importance. The book addresses a wide audience, from the newcomer to the expert. Starting from fundamental concepts of adsorbate-surface interactions, the modification of electronic properties through electron confinement, and concepts of cluster production, it elucidates the distinct properties of the new metallic nanostructures.
1 Confinement and Size Effects in Free Metal Clusters.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Free Simple Metal Clusters.- 1.3 Magnetic Particles in Molecular Beams.- 1.4 Conclusion.- 2 Fundamentals of Adsorbate-Surface Interactions.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Physisorption of Xenon on Graphite: Superstructure and Domain Boundaries.- 2.3 Chemisorption of Alkali Atoms on Semiconductor Surfaces.- 2.4 Bonding of C60 Molecules on Ag and Au(110) Surfaces.- 2.5 Electronic Response within the Cluster-Surface Interaction.- 2.6 Summary.- 3 Growth of Metal Clusters at Surfaces.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Elementary Processes of MBE Growth.- 3.3 Nucleation.- 3.4 Aggregation.- 3.5 Coarsening.- 3.6 Anisotropic Surfaces.- 3.7 Growth of Cluster Arrays.- 3.8 Single Crystal Oxide Surfaces.- 3.9 Conclusion.- 4 Collision of Clusters with Surfaces.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Cluster-Surface Collisions: General Remarks.- 4.3 Experimental Considerations.- 4.4 Molecular Dynamics Calculations.- 4.5 Softlanding..- 4.6 Fragmentation.- 4.7 Implantation.- 4.8 Sputtering.- 4.9 Thin Film Formation by Energetic Cluster Impact.- 4.10 Cluster Impact Chemistry.- 4.11 Crater Formation and Cluster Impact Induced Erosion.- 4.12 Electronic Processes.- 4.13 Summary and Outlook.- 5 Electronic Level Structure of Metal Clusters at Surfaces.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Deposited Clusters.- 5.3 Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy and Inverse Photoemission.- 5.4 Summary.- 6 Conductance Quantisation in Metallic Point Contacts.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Landauer Theory for Ballistic Conductance.- 6.3 Experimental Techniques.- 6.4 Conductance of Atomic-Scale Contacts.- 6.5 Histograms of Conductance Values.- 6.6 The Character of the Conductance Modes Through a Single Atom.- 6.7 Chains of Atoms.- 6.8 Quantum Forces and Shell Structure in Alkali Nanowires.- 6.9 Discussion and Outlook.- 7 Magnetism of Nanometer-Sized Particles and Clustersr.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Single Particle Measurement Techniques.- 7.3 Mechanisms of Magnetisation Reversal in Single Domain Particles at Zero Kelvin.- 7.4 Influence of Temperature on Magnetisation Reversal.- 7.5 Magnetisation Reversal by Quantum Tunnelling.- 8 Physical Chemistry of Supported Clusters.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Supported Size-Distributed Model Catalysts.- 8.3 Supported Monodispersed Model Catalysts.- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook.- 9 Application of Clusters to the Fabrication of Silicon Nanostructures.- 9.1 Prospects for the Application of Clusters.- 9.2 Silicon Nanostructures.- 9.3 Production of Cluster Films for Fabrication.- 9.4 Application of Metal Clusters as Plasma Etching Masks.- 9.5 Summary.
1 Confinement and Size Effects in Free Metal Clusters.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Free Simple Metal Clusters.- 1.3 Magnetic Particles in Molecular Beams.- 1.4 Conclusion.- 2 Fundamentals of Adsorbate-Surface Interactions.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Physisorption of Xenon on Graphite: Superstructure and Domain Boundaries.- 2.3 Chemisorption of Alkali Atoms on Semiconductor Surfaces.- 2.4 Bonding of C60 Molecules on Ag and Au(110) Surfaces.- 2.5 Electronic Response within the Cluster-Surface Interaction.- 2.6 Summary.- 3 Growth of Metal Clusters at Surfaces.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 The Elementary Processes of MBE Growth.- 3.3 Nucleation.- 3.4 Aggregation.- 3.5 Coarsening.- 3.6 Anisotropic Surfaces.- 3.7 Growth of Cluster Arrays.- 3.8 Single Crystal Oxide Surfaces.- 3.9 Conclusion.- 4 Collision of Clusters with Surfaces.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Cluster-Surface Collisions: General Remarks.- 4.3 Experimental Considerations.- 4.4 Molecular Dynamics Calculations.- 4.5 Softlanding..- 4.6 Fragmentation.- 4.7 Implantation.- 4.8 Sputtering.- 4.9 Thin Film Formation by Energetic Cluster Impact.- 4.10 Cluster Impact Chemistry.- 4.11 Crater Formation and Cluster Impact Induced Erosion.- 4.12 Electronic Processes.- 4.13 Summary and Outlook.- 5 Electronic Level Structure of Metal Clusters at Surfaces.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Deposited Clusters.- 5.3 Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy and Inverse Photoemission.- 5.4 Summary.- 6 Conductance Quantisation in Metallic Point Contacts.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Landauer Theory for Ballistic Conductance.- 6.3 Experimental Techniques.- 6.4 Conductance of Atomic-Scale Contacts.- 6.5 Histograms of Conductance Values.- 6.6 The Character of the Conductance Modes Through a Single Atom.- 6.7 Chains of Atoms.- 6.8 Quantum Forces and Shell Structure in Alkali Nanowires.- 6.9 Discussion and Outlook.- 7 Magnetism of Nanometer-Sized Particles and Clustersr.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Single Particle Measurement Techniques.- 7.3 Mechanisms of Magnetisation Reversal in Single Domain Particles at Zero Kelvin.- 7.4 Influence of Temperature on Magnetisation Reversal.- 7.5 Magnetisation Reversal by Quantum Tunnelling.- 8 Physical Chemistry of Supported Clusters.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Supported Size-Distributed Model Catalysts.- 8.3 Supported Monodispersed Model Catalysts.- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook.- 9 Application of Clusters to the Fabrication of Silicon Nanostructures.- 9.1 Prospects for the Application of Clusters.- 9.2 Silicon Nanostructures.- 9.3 Production of Cluster Films for Fabrication.- 9.4 Application of Metal Clusters as Plasma Etching Masks.- 9.5 Summary.
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