Trisha Greenhalgh

How to Read a Paper (eBook, ePUB)

The Basics of Evidence-based Medicine and Healthcare

• Format: ePub

Produktbeschreibung

Required reading in many medical and healthcare institutions, How to Read a Paper is a clear and wide-ranging introduction to evidence-based medicine and healthcare, helping readers to understand its central principles, critically evaluate published data, and implement the results in practical settings. Author Trisha Greenhalgh guides readers through each fundamental step of inquiry, from searching the literature to assessing methodological quality and appraising statistics. How to Read a Paper addresses the common criticisms of evidence-based healthcare, dispelling many of its myths and misconceptions, while providing a pragmatic framework for testing the validity of healthcare literature. Now in its sixth edition, this informative text includes new and expanded discussions of study bias, political interference in published reports, medical statistics, big data and more. * Offers user-friendly guidance on evidence-based healthcare that is applicable to both experienced and novice readers * Authored by an internationally recognised practitioner and researcher in evidence-based healthcare and primary care * Includes updated references, additional figures, improved checklists and more How to Read a Paper is an ideal resource for healthcare students, practitioners and anyone seeking an accessible introduction to evidence-based healthcare.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 288
• Erscheinungstermin: 4. April 2019
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119484721
• Artikelnr.: 56229639

Autorenporträt

TRISHA GREENHALGH, OBE, FMedSci is Professor of Primary Care Health Sciences, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK.

Inhaltsangabe

Foreword to the first edition by Professor Sir David Weatherall xii

Preface to the sixth edition xiv

Preface to the first edition xvi

Acknowledgements xviii

Chapter 1 Why read papers at all? 1

Does 'evidence-based medicine' simply mean 'reading papers in medical journals'? 1

Why do people sometimes groan when you mention evidence-based healthcare? 4

Before you start: formulate the problem 11

Exercises based on this chapter 13

References 14

Chapter 2 Searching the literature 16

What are you looking for? 17

Levels upon levels of evidence 18

Synthesised sources: systems, summaries and syntheses 19

Pre-appraised sources: synopses of systematic reviews and primary studies 22

Specialised resources 23

Primary studies - tackling the jungle 23

One-stop shopping: federated search engines 25

Asking for help and asking around 26

Online tutorials for effective searching 26

Exercises based on this chapter 27

References 27

Chapter 3 Getting your bearings: what is this paper about? 29

The science of 'trashing' papers 29

Three preliminary questions to get your bearings 31

Randomised controlled trials 35

Cohort studies 38

Case-control studies 40

Cross-sectional surveys 41

Case reports 41

The traditional hierarchy of evidence 42

Exercises based on this chapter 43

References 43

Chapter 4 Assessing methodological quality 45

Was the study original? 45

Whom is the study about? 46

Was the design of the study sensible? 47

Was bias avoided or minimised? 49

Was assessment 'blind'? 53

Were preliminary statistical questions addressed? 54

A note on ethical considerations 57

Summing up 58

Exercises based on this chapter 59

References 60

Chapter 5 Statistics for the non-statistician 62

How can non-statisticians evaluate statistical tests? 62

Have the authors set the scene correctly? 64

Paired data, tails and outliers 69

Correlation, regression and causation 71

Probability and confidence 73

The bottom line 75

Summary 77

Exercises based on this chapter 77

References 78

Chapter 6 Papers that report trials of drug treatments and other simple interventions 79

'Evidence' and marketing 79

Making decisions about therapy 82

Surrogate endpoints 82

What information to expect in a paper describing a randomised controlled trial: the CONSORT statement 86

Getting worthwhile evidence from pharmaceutical representatives 86

Exercises based on this chapter 89

References 89

Chapter 7 Papers that report trials of complex interventions 92

Complex interventions 92

Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a complex intervention 94

Exercises based on this chapter 99

References 100

Chapter 8 Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests 101

Ten men in the dock 101

Validating diagnostic tests against a gold standard 102

Ten questions to ask about a paper that claims to validate a diagnostic or screening test 107

Likelihood ratios 111

Clinical prediction rules 113

Exercises based on this chapter 114

References 115

Chapter 9 Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses) 117

When is