Erich Grotewold, Joseph Chappell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg

Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics provides a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of plant gene expression. Unique in explaining the subject from a plant perspective, it highlights the importance of key processes, many first discovered in plants, that impact how plants develop and interact with the environment. This text covers topics ranging from plant genome structure and the key control points in how genes are expressed, to the mechanisms by which proteins are generated and how their activities are controlled and altered by posttranslational modifications. Written by a highly respected team of specialists in plant biology with extensive experience in teaching at undergraduate and graduate level, this textbook will be invaluable for students and instructors alike. Plant Genes, Genomes and Genetics also includes: * specific examples that highlight when and how plants operate differently from other organisms * special sections that provide in-depth discussions of particular issues * end-of-chapter problems to help students recapitulate the main concepts * rich, full-colour illustrations and diagrams clearly showing important processes in plant gene expression * a companion website with PowerPoint slides, downloadable figures, and answers to the questions posed in the book Aimed at upper level undergraduates and graduate students in plant biology, this text is equally suited for advanced agronomy and crop science students inclined to understand molecular aspects of organismal phenomena. It is also an invaluable starting point for professionals entering the field of plant biology.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 264
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. April 2015
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118539378
• Artikelnr.: 42830975

Autorenporträt

Dr Erich Grotewold is currently a professor in the Department of Molecular Genetics (College of Arts & Sciences) as well as in the Department of Horticulture & Crop Sciences (College of Food, Agriculture & Environmental Sciences) at The Ohio State University. His research focuses on plant systems biology. Dr Joseph Chappell joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky in 1985, where he has developed an internationally recognized research program pioneering the molecular genetics and biochemistry of natural products in plants. Dr Elizabeth A. Kellogg was formerly the E. Desmond Lee and Family Professor of Botanical Studies at the University of Missouri-St. Louis, and is currently a Member of the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center in St. Louis. Her work focuses on the evolution of plant genes, genomes and development, particularly in the cereal crops and their wild relatives.

Inhaltsangabe

Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii About the Companion Website xix PART
I: PLANT GENOMES AND GENES Chapter 1 Plant genetic material 3 1.1 DNA is
the genetic material of all living organisms, including plants 3 1.2 The
plant cell contains three independent genomes 8 1.3 A gene is a complete
set of instructions for building an RNA molecule 10 1.4 Genes include
coding sequences and regulatory sequences 11 1.5 Nuclear genome size in
plants is variable but the numbers of protein-coding, non-transposable
element genes are roughly the same 12 1.6 Genomic DNA is packaged in
chromosomes 15 1.7 Summary 15 1.8 Problems 15 References 16 Chapter 2 The
shifting genomic landscape 17 2.1 The genomes of individual plants can
differ in many ways 17 2.2 Differences in sequences between plants provide
clues about gene function 20 2.3 SNPs and lengthmutations in simple
sequence repeats are useful tools for genome mapping and marker assisted
selection 22 2.4 Genome size and chromosome number are variable 28 2.5
Segments of DNA are often duplicated and can recombine 30 2.6 Some genes
are copied nearby in the genome 31 2.7 Whole genome duplications are common
in plants 34 2.8 Whole genome duplication has many effects on the genome
and on gene function 37 2.9 Summary 41 2.10 Problems 42 Further reading 42
References 42 Chapter 3 Transposable elements 45 3.1 Transposable elements
are common in genomes of all organisms 45 3.2 Retrotransposons are mainly
responsible for increases in genome size 46 3.3 DNA transposons create
small mutations when they insert and excise 52 3.4 Transposable elements
move genes and change their regulation 57 3.5 How are transposable elements
controlled? 60 3.6 Summary 60 3.7 Problems 61 References 61 Chapter 4
Chromatin, centromeres and telomeres 63 4.1 Chromosomes are made up of
chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein 63 4.2 Telomeres make up the ends
of chromosomes 67 4.3 The chromosome middles-centromeres 71 4.4 Summary 77
4.5 Problems 77 Further reading 77 References 77 Chapter 5 Genomes of
organelles 79 5.1 Plastids and mitochondria are descendants of free-living
bacteria 79 5.2 Organellar genes have been transferred to the nuclear
genome 80 5.3 Organellar genes sometimes include introns 82 5.4 Organellar
mRNA is often edited 82 5.5 Mitochondrial genomes contain fewer genes than
chloroplasts 84 5.6 Plant mitochondrial genomes are large and undergo
frequent recombination 87 5.7 All plastid genomes in a cell are identical
91 5.8 Plastid genomes are similar among land plants but contain some
structural rearrangements 93 5.9 Summary 95 5.10 Problems 95 Further
reading 95 References 95 PART II: TRANSCRIBING PLANT GENES Chapter 6 RNA 99
6.1 RNA links components of the Central Dogma 99 6.2 Structure provides RNA
with unique properties 102 6.3 RNA has multiple regulatory activities 105
6.4 Summary 108 6.5 Problems 108 References 109 Chapter 7 The plant RNA
polymerases 111 7.1 Transcription makes RNA from DNA 111 7.2 Varying
numbers of RNA polymerases in the different kingdoms 112 7.3 RNA polymerase
I transcribes rRNAs 114 7.4 RNA polymerase III recruitment to upstream and
internal promoters 116 7.5 Plant-specific RNP-IV and RNP-V participate in
transcriptional gene silencing 117 7.6 Organelles have their own set of RNA
polymerases 117 7.7 Summary 118 7.8 Problems 118 References 118 Chapter 8
Making mRNAs - Control of transcription by RNA polymerase II 121 8.1 RNA
polymerase II transcribes protein-coding genes 121 8.2 The structure of RNA
polymerase II reveals how it functions 121 8.3 The core promoter 123 8.4
Initiation of transcription 125 8.5 The mediator complex 127 8.6
Transcription elongation: the role of RNP-II phosphorylation 128 8.7 RNP-II
pausing and termination 129 8.8 Transcription re-initiation 130 8.9 Summary
130 8.10 Problems 130 References 130 Chapter 9 Transcription factors
interpret cis-regulatory information 133 9.1 Information on when, where and
how much a gene is expressed is codified by the gene's regulatory regions
133 9.2 Identifying regulatory regions requires the use of reporter genes
134 9.3 Gene regulatory regions have a modular structure 135 9.4 Enhancers:
Cis-regulatory elements or modules that function at a distance 137 9.5
Transcription factors interpret the gene regulatory code 138 9.6
Transcription factors can be classified in families 138 9.7 How
transcription factors bind DNA 139 9.8 Modular structure of transcription
factors 143 9.9 Organization of transcription factors into gene regulatory
grids and networks 146 9.10 Summary 146 9.11 Problems 146 More challenging
problems 147 References 147 Chapter 10 Control of transcription factor
activity 149 10.1 Transcription factor phosphorylation 149 10.2
Protein-protein interactions 151 10.3 Preventing transcription factors from
access to the nucleus 155 10.4 Movement of transcription factors between
cells 156 10.5 Summary 158 10.6 Problems 158 References 158 Chapter 11
Small RNAs 161 11.1 The phenomenon of cosuppression or gene silencing 161
11.2 Discovery of small RNAs 162 11.3 Pathways for miRNA formation and
function 163 11.4 Plant siRNAs originate from different types of
double-stranded RNAs 166 11.5 Intercellular and systemic movement of small
RNAs 168 11.6 Role of miRNAs in plant physiology and development 170 11.7
Summary 171 11.8 Problems 171 References 172 Chapter 12 Chromatin and gene
expression 173 12.1 Packing long DNA molecules in a small space: the
function of chromatin 173 12.2 Heterochromatin and euchromatin 173 12.3
Histone modifications 174 12.4 Histone modifications affect gene expression
175 12.5 Introducing and removing histone marks: writers and erasers 175
12.6 'Readers' recognize histone modifications 177 12.7 Nucleosome
positioning 177 12.8 DNA methylation 178 12.9 RNA-directed DNA methylation
179 12.10 Control of flowering by histone modifications 180 12.11 Summary
181 12.12 Problems 181 References 181 PART III: FROM RNA TO PROTEINS
Chapter 13 RNA processing and transport 185 13.1 RNA processing can be
thought of as steps 185 13.2 RNA capping provides a distinctive 5' end to
mRNAs 185 13.3 Transcription termination consists of mRNA 3'-end formation
and polyadenylation 189 13.4 RNA splicing is another major source of
genetic variation 192 13.5 Export of mRNA from the nucleus is a gateway for
regulating which mRNAs actually get translated 194 13.6 Summary 196 13.7
Problems 196 References 196 Chapter 14 Fate of RNA 199 14.1 Regulation of
RNA continues upon export from nucleus 199 14.2 Mechanisms for RNA turnover
199 14.3 RNA surveillance mechanisms 201 14.4 RNA sorting 202 14.5 RNA
movement 203 14.6 Summary 204 14.7 Problems 204 Further reading 205
References 205 Chapter 15 Translation of RNA 207 15.1 Translation: a key
aspect of gene expression 207 15.2 Initiation 209 15.3 Elongation 209 15.4
Termination 210 15.5 Tools for studying the regulation of translation 211
15.6 Specific translational control mechanisms 211 15.7 Summary 213 15.8
Problems 214 Further reading 214 References 214 Chapter 16 Protein folding
and transport 215 16.1 The pathway to a protein's function is a complicated
matter 215 16.2 Protein folding and assembly 215 16.3 Protein targeting 218
16.4 Co-translational targeting 218 16.5 Post-translational targeting 219
16.6 Post-translational modifications regulating function 220 16.7 Summary
222 16.8 Problems 223 Further reading 223 References 224 Chapter 17 Protein
degradation 225 17.1 Two sides of gene expression-synthesis and degradation
225 17.2 Autophagy, senescence and programmed cell death 225 17.3
Protein-tagging mechanisms 226 17.4 The ubiquitin proteasome system rivals
gene transcription 228 17.5 Summary 231 17.6 Problems 231 Further reading
231 Reference 231 Index 233