The Neuroscience of Visual Hallucinations (eBook, PDF)

Redaktion: Collerton, Daniel

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Each year, some two million people in the United Kingdom experience visual hallucinations. Infrequent, fleeting visual hallucinations, often around sleep, are a usual feature of life. In contrast, consistent, frequent, persistent hallucinations during waking are strongly associated with clinical disorders; in particular delirium, eye disease, psychosis, and dementia. Research interest in these disorders has driven a rapid expansion in investigatory techniques, new evidence, and explanatory models. In parallel, a move to generative models of normal visual function has resolved the theoretical tension between veridical and hallucinatory perceptions. From initial fragmented areas of investigation, the field has become increasingly coherent over the last decade. Controversies and gaps remain, but for the first time the shapes of possible unifying models are becoming clear, along with the techniques for testing these. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the neuroscience of visual hallucinations and the clinical techniques for testing these. It brings together the very latest evidence from cognitive neuropsychology, neuroimaging, neuropathology, and neuropharmacology, placing this within current models of visual perception. Leading researchers from a range of clinical and basic science areas describe visual hallucinations in their historical and scientific context, combining introductory information with up-to-date discoveries. They discuss results from the main investigatory techniques applied in a range of clinical disorders. The final section outlines future research directions investigating the potential for new understandings of veridical and hallucinatory perceptions, and for treatments of problematic hallucinations. Fully comprehensive, this is an essential reference for clinicians in the fields of the psychology and psychiatry of hallucinations, as well as for researchers in departments, research institutes and libraries. It has strong foundations in neuroscience, cognitive science, optometry, psychiatry, psychology, clinical medicine, and philosophy. With its lucid explanation and many illustrations, it is a clear resource for educators and advanced undergraduate and graduate students.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 368
• Erscheinungstermin: 8. Dezember 2014
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118892787
• Artikelnr.: 42009690

Autorenporträt

Daniel Collerton, Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, UK Elaine Perry, Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, UK Urs Peter Mosimann, University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Switzerland

Inhaltsangabe

List of contributors ix Foreword xi Section 1: Background and Context 1 1
Visual hallucinations: history and context of current research 3 G.E.
Berrios and Ivana S. Marková 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 The construction of
visual hallucinations 5 1.3 Epistemology: dichotomies 11 1.4 Research and
its vicissitudes 15 1.5 Bringing the history of visual hallucinations and
research together 17 1.6 Conclusions 18 1.7 References 19 2 Defining and
measuring hallucinations and their consequences - what is really the
difference between a veridical perception and a hallucination? Categories
of hallucinatory experiences 23 Jan Dirk Blom 2.1 What every student knows
23 2.2 Suspended between realism and anti-realism 24 2.3 Faith 26 2.4 The
philosophy of As If 28 2.5 Visual hallucinations 28 2.6 Visual illusions 30
2.7 Metamorphopsias (visual distortions) 34 2.8 Ways of measuring and
quantifying positive disorders of vision 37 2.9 Concluding remarks 38 2.10
References 40 3 Hallucinatory aspects of normal vision 47 Geraint Rees 3.1
Introduction 47 3.2 Gregory's taxonomy 48 3.3 Blind spot and scotomas 49
3.4 After-images and after-effects 50 3.5 Perceptual ambiguity and
multistable perception 51 3.6 Illusory contours and surfaces 52 3.7 Object
perception and illusory vision 53 3.8 Conclusion 55 3.9 References 55 4
Non-pathological associations - sleep and dreams, deprivation and
bereavement 59 Armando D'Agostino, Anna Castelnovo, and Silvio Scarone 4.1
Introduction 59 4.2 Visual hallucinations in the general population 60 4.3
Visual hallucinations during sleep and sleep/wake transitions 67 4.4
Trauma, grief and bereavement 74 4.5 Sensory deprivation 83 4.6 The
Bayesian heuristic: a unifying model? 84 4.7 Conclusions: the psychosis
continuum 85 4.8 References 86 5 The clinical associations of visual
hallucinations 91 Marco Onofrj, Astrid Thomas, Giovanni Martinotti,
Francesca Anzellotti, Massimo Di Giannantonio, Fausta Ciccocioppo, and
Laura Bonanni 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Describing hallucinations 93 5.3
Visual hallucinations associated with visual loss 93 5.4 Visual
hallucinations in acute vascular or neoplastic lesions 94 5.5 Visual
hallucinations in neurodegenerative diseases 94 5.6 Visual hallucinations
associated with dementia 99 5.7 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 101 5.8 Visual
hallucinations in psychosis 102 5.9 Drug-induced hallucinations 104 5.10
Delirium 105 5.11 Epilepsy 105 5.12 Migraine 107 5.13 Inborn errors of
metabolism 108 5.14 Commentary 108 5.15 References 110 Section 2:
Investigations and Data 119 6 Hallucinogenic mechanisms: pathological and
pharmacological insights 121 Simon J.G. Lewis, James M. Shine, Daniel
Brooks, and Glenda M. Halliday 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Societal impact 122
6.3 Misperceptions and hallucinations 122 6.4 Pathological findings in
clinical disorders with high levels of hallucinations 125 6.5 Role of
neurotransmitters in hallucinations 130 6.6 A common neural mechanism 132
6.7 Conclusion 138 6.8 References 139 7 Imaging in visual hallucinations
151 Anne Marthe Meppelink 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Imaging the hallucinator
152 7.3 Imaging the hallucination 158 7.4 References 163 8 EEG and
transcranial magnetic stimulation. Changing and recording the dynamic flow
of visual perception 167 Nicholas Murphy, Sara Graziadio, and John-Paul
Taylor 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Electroencephalography 168 8.3 Transcranial
magnetic stimulation 179 8.4 Future directions for the study of visual
hallucinations using neurophysiological approaches 184 8.5 References 186 9
Neuropsychological approaches to understanding visual hallucinations 193
Jim Barnes 9.1 Introduction 193 9.2 Perceptual impairments 195 9.3
Misidentifications of internal images 196 9.4 Executive function 199 9.5
Attention and vigilance 201 9.6 Questions and future directions 204 9.7
References 210 Section 3: Models and Theories 217 10 Geometric visual
hallucinations and the structure of the visual cortex 219 Jack D. Cowan
10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 A new mathematical formulation of V1 circuitry
228 10.3 Conditions for the loss of stability of the homogeneous state 232
10.4 Extensions of the model 238 10.5 Summary and concluding remarks 248
10.6 References 250 11 Thalamic and brainstem regulatory systems - why
disturbances external to the visual system can cause hallucinations 255
René M. Müri 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Overview of the cases published
with peduncular hallucinations 257 11.3 Aetiology and lesion localization
contributing to peduncular hallucinations 269 11.4 Origin and mechanisms of
peduncular hallucinations 270 11.5 References 275 12 The pathology of
hallucinations: one or several points of processing breakdown? 281 Nico J.
Diederich, Christopher G. Goetz, and Glenn T. Stebbins 12.1 Introduction
281 12.2 Requirements for an ideal model 282 12.3 Phenomenology - a clue to
pathogenesis? 282 12.4 Early unimodal models of pathogenesis 283 12.5
Neuropathological findings 287 12.6 Interactive, multifactorial models 290
12.7 Conclusions and outlook 299 12.8 References 301 Section 4: New
Directions 307 13 Future directions for research 309 Daniel Collerton, Urs
Peter Mosimann, and Elaine Perry 13.1 Introduction 309 13.2 References 318
14 The treatment of visual hallucinations at present and in the future 321
Elaine Perry, Urs Peter Mosimann, and Daniel Collerton 14.1 Introduction
321 14.2 Excluding drugs that induce visual hallucinations 323 14.3 Drug
treatment of visual hallucinations 327 14.4 Psychological interventions 332
14.5 Unexplored issues and other potential therapies 334 14.6 References
336 Index 343