David Lazarus, Noritoshi Suzuki, Yoshiyuki Ishitani, Kozo Takahashi

Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria (eBook, PDF)

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Polycystine radiolaria are exclusively marine protists and are found in all ocean waters, from polar regions to the tropics, and at all water depths. There are approximately 600 distinct described living species and several thousand fossil species of polycystines. Radiolarians in general, and polycystines in particular, have recently been shown to be a major component of the living plankton and important to the oceanic carbon cycle. As fossils radiolarians are also fairly common, and often occur in sediments where other types of fossils are absent. This has made them very valuable for certain types of geologic research, particularly estimating the geologic age of the sediments containing them, and as guides to past oceanic water conditions. As our current understanding of the biology, and even taxonomy of the living fauna is still very incomplete, evolutionary studies based on living polycystines are still rare. However, the common occurrence of numerous specimens for many species, and in a wide variety of oceanic environments, provides an excellent opportunity to study the processes of biologic evolution in the fossil record. Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria is the first major book on radiolarians to appear in the western literature since 2001.Focusing on living and fossil siliceous shelled radiolarians, it is notable for its emphasis not upon morphologic or taxonomic detail but on concepts and applications. The book attempts to provide a balanced, critical review of what is known of the biology, ecology, and fossil record of the group, as well as their use in evolutionary, biostratigraphic and paleoceanographic research. Full chapters on the history of study, and molecular biology, are the first ever in book form. Written for an audience of advanced undergraduate to doctoral students, as well as for a broad range of professionals in the biological and Earth sciences, Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria summarizes current understanding of the marine planktonic protist group polycystine radiolaria, both in living and fossil form.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 504
• Erscheinungstermin: 9. Dezember 2020
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119697527
• Artikelnr.: 60739334

Autorenporträt

About the Editors David Lazarus has studied the paleobiology and earth science applications of Cenozoic radiolaria for more than 40 years, formerly holding research positions at Columbia University/Lamont Earth Observatory, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. He is currently Curator for Micropaleontology at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Noritoshi Suzuki has studied the taxonomy and species diversity of radiolarians thoughout the Phanerozoic. He started his career in field geology, switched to Devonian radiolarians for his Masters degree, and received his PhD degree for a study of Cenozoic radiolarians from Tohoku University, Japan. He has co-published a monograph on the radiolarians of the Ehrenberg Collection (Berlin), and has published integrative studies of radiolarian morphology and phylogenetics. He is currently Associate Professor at Tohoku University. Yoshiyuki Ishitani is a paleobiologist, focusing on the evolution of radiolarians. He is currently a researcher at the University of Tsukuba, and was formerly at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Glasgow University, and the University of Tokyo. Kozo Takahashi has studied the distribution and ecology of radiolarians and other siliceous plankton collected from ocean waters for several decades. Following an early career of staff scientist positions at the Woods Hole and Scripps oceanographic institutions he held multiple professorships in Japan, including universities in Sapporo and Kyushu University in Fukuoka.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xv

Chapter 1 History 1

Introduction 1

Scientific Context 4

Early Studies (First Half of the Nineteenth Century) 8

C.G. Ehrenberg and J. Müller 8

Second Half of the Nineteenth Century to ca. 1920 13

E. Haeckel and his Disciples 13

Legacy of Early Studies 16

Early Twentieth Century (ca. 1920-1940) 17

The Early New Period (ca. 1940-1970) 20

The Origins of Radiolarian Biostratigraphy: 1940s to 1950s 20

Deep-Sea Drilling 21

Taxonomy 25

Biology 27

Mid New Period (1970-2000) 28

Current Period (2000-Present) 37

Chapter 2 Biology 41

General Characteristics of Planktonic Protist Biology 41

Physical Characteristics of the Pelagic Ocean 42

Plankton Taxa 46

Ecologic and Behavioral Constraints due to Small Body Size 46

Basic Radiolarian Cellular Structure 48

Skeleton 53

Skeleton Formation and Growth 55

Size 59

Colonial Forms 59

Life Cycle 60

Longevity 62

Motility 63

Feeding 63

Predators 65

Abundance and Role in Carbon Cycle 66

Symbiosis 67

Bioluminescence 68

Summary 69

Chapter 3 Ecology 71

Introduction 71

Biogeography 75

Vertical Distribution 83

Tropical Submergence 86

Longitudinal Gradients and Upwelling Assemblages 89

Latitudinal Gradients 90

Coastal Gradients 90

Seasonal Variability 91

Interannual Variability 93

Chapter 4 Genetics 95

Introduction 95

Molecular Phylogenetic Position of "Radiolarians" within Eukaryotes 96

Molecular Studies of Radiolarian's Position within Eukaryotes 97

Relationships of Radiolarian Clades 98

Origination Times of Radiolarian Clades 102

Family-Level Phylogeny 102

Spumellaria (Shell-Bearing Radiolarians) 105

Collodaria (Colonial or Naked Radiolarians) 105

Nassellaria 106

Acantharia 107

Microevolution of Radiolaria 107

Diversity of Pico-Radiolarian Material 111

Transcriptomics of Radiolaria 112

Methodology 113

DNA Extraction 114

Reproductive Cell Method 114

Dissecting Cell Method 114

PCR 114

Summary 114

Chapter 5 Taxonomy and Fossil Record 117

Introduction 117

PART 1 - Radiolarian Taxonomy 118

Principles of Species-Level Taxonomy 118

Rules for Describing and Naming Species 121

Current Status of Descriptive Radiolarian Taxonomy 124

Principles of Higher-Level Taxonomy 129

Haeckel and the Beginnings of Higher-Level Radiolarian Taxonomy 129

Biologic Systematics 132

Higher-Level Taxonomy in Radiolaria 134

The Observational Basis of Taxonomy: Structures of the Radiolarian Shell 136

Higher-Level Taxonomy in this Book 139

Formal Classification of Polycystina 143

Cenozoic Taxa 143

Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg 1876 143

Family Actinommidae Haeckel 1862 145

Family Heliodiscidae Haeckel 1881 149

Family Coccodiscidae Haeckel 1862, emend. Sanfilippo and Riedel 1980 151

Family Pyloniidae Haeckel 1881 153

Family Lithelidae Haeckel 1862 155

Family Tholonidae Haeckel 1887 156

Family Spongodiscidae Haeckel 1862 156

Order Nassellaria Ehrenberg 1876 160

Family

Rezensionen

"Paleobiology of the Polycystine Radiolaria is well worth the purchase price and should be in the personal library of all protistologists working on marine forms." Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology

"A welcome addition to the literature in a field that is rich in potential for interdisciplinary research." Journal of Plankton Research