Mark Stoneking

An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Molecular anthropology uses molecular genetic methods to address questions and issues of anthropological interest. More specifically, molecular anthropology is concerned with genetic evidence concerning human origins, migrations, and population relationships, including related topics such as the role of recent natural selection in human population differentiation, or the impact of particular social systems on patterns of human genetic variation.

Organized into three major sections, An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology first covers the basics of genetics - what genes are, what they do, and how they do it - as well as how genes behave in populations and how evolution influences them. The following section provides an overview of the different kinds of genetic variation in humans, and how this variation is analyzed and used to make evolutionary inferences. The third section concludes with a presentation of the current state of genetic evidence for human origins, the spread of humans around the world, the role of selection and adaptation in human evolution, and the impact of culture on human genetic variation. A final, concluding chapter discusses various aspects of molecular anthropology in the genomics era, including personal ancestry testing and personal genomics.
An Introduction to Molecular Anthropology is an invaluable resource for students studying human evolution, biological anthropology, or molecular anthropology, as well as a reference for anthropologists and anyone else interested in the genetic history of humans.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W118061620
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 400
• Erscheinungstermin: 27. Dezember 2016
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 279mm x 215mm x 22mm
• Gewicht: 1129g
• ISBN-13: 9781118061626
• ISBN-10: 1118061624
• Artikelnr.: 36552572

Autorenporträt

Mark Stoneking directs the Human Population History group in the Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany, and is Honorary Professor of Biological Anthropology at the University of Leipzig.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi Chapter 1 Genes: How they are inherited 1 Blood and ABO blood
groups 1 Inheritance of ABO blood groups 3 Inheritance of more than one
gene: ABO and rhesus blood groups 4 Sex chromosomes 9 Determining how
traits are inherited: Pedigree analysis 10 What is--and isn't--inherited 12
Concluding remarks 14 Chapter 2 What genes are, what they do, and how they
do it 15 Chromosomes, proteins, and nucleic acids: Figuring out what genes
are 15 The structure of genes and what they do: The central dogma and the
flow of information 18 How genes do what they do: Transcription and
translation 19 The genetic code 22 DNA replication 23 The consequences of
mutations 23 What causes mutations? 25 A final cautionary note 26 Chapter 3
Genes in populations 27 What is a population? 27 The concept of "effective
population size" 28 The sex ratio and Ne 29 Inbreeding and Ne 30 Variation
in population size over time and Ne 30 Differential fertility and Ne 31 Ne
for humans 33 Chapter 4 A simple model: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 35 The
gene pool with no evolution: The Hardy-Weinberg principle 35 Exceptions 38
A real-life example 39 Some practical uses for Hardy-Weinberg 41 Chapter 5
Evolutionary forces 45 Non-random mating 45 Small population size 48
Mutation 53 Migration 56 Selection 60 Evolutionary forces: Summary 68
Chapter 6 Molecular evolution 69 Functionally less important molecules (or
parts of molecules) evolve faster than more important ones 70 Conservative
substitutions occur more frequently than disruptive ones 71 The rate of
molecular evolution is approximately constant 72 Contrasting phenotypic and
molecular evolution 73 How do new gene functions arise? 74 Gene regulation
and phenotypic evolution 77 Chapter 7 Genetic markers 79 Classical markers:
Immunogenetic markers 79 Classical markers: Biochemical polymorphisms 81
The first DNA markers: Restriction fragment length polymorphisms 84
Polymerase chain reaction 86 DNA sequencing: The sanger method 89
Next-generation sequencing 90 Targeting single DNA bases: SNPs 92 Variation
in length 94 Other structural variation 99 Concluding remarks 100 Chapter 8
Sampling populations and individuals 103 Sampling populations: General
issues 103 Sampling populations: Ethical issues 105 Archival samples 108
Chapter 9 Sampling DNA regions 111 Mitochondrial DNA 111 Y chromosomal DNA
116 Autosomal DNA 119 X chromosome DNA 121 Public databases 122 Chapter 10
Analysis of genetic data from populations 125 Genetic diversity within
populations 125 Genetic distances between populations 128 Displaying
genetic distance data: Trees 135 Displaying genetic data: Multidimensional
scaling, principal components, and correspondence analysis 139 Chapter 11
Analysis of genetic data from individuals 147 Genetic distances for DNA
sequences 147 Trees for DNA sequences 153 Rooting trees 156 Assessing the
confidence of a tree 157 Network analyses 160 Genome-wide data:
Unsupervised analyses 161 Chapter 12 Inferences about demographic history
175 Dating events 175 Population size and population size change 187
Migration and admixture 194 Putting it all together 197 Chapter 13 Our
closest living relatives 201 Resolving the trichotomy 205 Complications 206
Ape genetics and genomics 208 Chapter 14 The origins of our species 211
Human origins: The fossil record 215 Models for human origins 218 The
genetic evidence: mtDNA 222 The genetic evidence: Y chromosome 224 The
genetic evidence: Autosomes 225 Chapter 15 Ancient DNA 229 Properties of
ancient DNA: Degradation 229 Properties of ancient DNA: Damage 229
Properties of ancient DNA: Contamination 232 History of ancient DNA studies
236 Ancient DNA: Archaic humans 237 Other uses for ancient DNA 244 Chapter
16 Dispersal and migration 247 Out of Africa--how many times, when, and
which way did they go? 251 Into remote lands: The colonization of the
Americas 259 Into even more remote lands: The colonization of Polynesia 267
Some concluding remarks 281 Chapter 17 Species-wide selection 283
Species-wide selection 284 Nonsynonymous mutations and the dN/dS ratio 284
Tests based on the allele frequency distribution 288 Selection tests based
on comparing divergence to polymorphism 293 Archaic genomes 297 Chapter 18
Local selection 299 Example: Lactase persistence 304 Example: EDAR 309
Ancient DNA 318 Concluding remarks 318 Chapter 19 Genes and culture 321 Are
humans still evolving? 321 Genetic variation can be directly influenced by
cultural practices 322 Genetic variation can be indirectly influenced by
cultural practices 322 Using genetic analyses to learn more about cultural
practices: Agricultural expansions 326 Using genetic analyses to learn more
about cultural practices: Language replacements 332 Using genetic analyses
to learn more about cultural practices: Dating the origin of clothing 333
Concluding remarks 339 Chapter 20 Ongoing and future developments in
molecular anthropology 341 More--and different kinds of--data: The other
"omics" 341 Beyond "you": The microbiome 344 More analyses 347 Relating
phenotypes to genotypes 351 Personal ancestry testing and genomics 360
References 363 Suggestions for additional reading 373 Index 375