Simon James Dadson
Statistical Analysis of Geographical Data
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Simon James Dadson
Statistical Analysis of Geographical Data
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Statistics Analysis of Geographical Data: An Introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the theory and practice of statistical analysis in geography. It covers a wide range of topics including graphical and numerical description of datasets, probability, calculation of confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, collection and analysis of data using analysis of variance and linear regression. Taking a clear and logical approach, this book examines real problems with real data from the geographical literature in order to illustrate the important role that statistics play…mehr
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Statistics Analysis of Geographical Data: An Introduction provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the theory and practice of statistical analysis in geography. It covers a wide range of topics including graphical and numerical description of datasets, probability, calculation of confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, collection and analysis of data using analysis of variance and linear regression. Taking a clear and logical approach, this book examines real problems with real data from the geographical literature in order to illustrate the important role that statistics play in geographical investigations. Presented in a clear and accessible manner the book includes recent, relevant examples, designed to enhance the reader's understanding.
Produktdetails
- Produktdetails
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley-Blackwell
- Seitenzahl: 266
- Erscheinungstermin: 5. Mai 2017
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 216mm x 140mm x 14mm
- Gewicht: 339g
- ISBN-13: 9780470977040
- ISBN-10: 0470977043
- Artikelnr.: 39559238
- Verlag: John Wiley & Sons / Wiley-Blackwell
- Seitenzahl: 266
- Erscheinungstermin: 5. Mai 2017
- Englisch
- Abmessung: 216mm x 140mm x 14mm
- Gewicht: 339g
- ISBN-13: 9780470977040
- ISBN-10: 0470977043
- Artikelnr.: 39559238
Simon Dadson is Associate Professor of Physical Geography at Oxford University and Tutor in Geography at Christ Church.
1 Dealing with Data 9 1.1 The role of statistics in geography 9 1.1.1 Why
do geographers need to use statistics? 9 1.2 About this book 11 1.3 Data
and measurement error 12 1.3.1 Types of geographical data: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio 12 1.3.2 Spatial data types 13 1.3.3
Measurement error, accuracy and precision 15 1.3.4 Reporting data and
uncertainties 17 1.3.5 Significant figures 18 1.3.6 Scientific notation
(standard form) 19 1.3.7 Calculations in scientific notation 21 2
Collecting and Summarizing Data 23 2.1 Sampling methods 23 2.1.1 Research
design 23 2.1.2 Random sampling 25 2.1.3 Systematic sampling 27 2.1.4
Stratified sampling 27 2.2 Graphical summaries 28 2.2.1 Frequency
Distributions and Histograms 28 2.2.2 Time-series plots 32 2.2.3 Scatter
plots 32 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 34 2.3.1 Measures of central
tendency: mean, median and mode 34 2.3.2 Mean 34 2.3.3 Median 35 2.3.4 Mode
35 2.3.5 Measures of dispersion 38 2.3.6 Variance 39 2.3.7 Standard
deviation 40 2.3.8 Coefficient of variation 41 2.3.9 Skewness and kurtosis
43 3 Probability and Sampling Distributions 47 3.1 Probability 47 3.1.1
Probability, statistics, and random variables 47 3.1.2 The properties of
the normal distribution 48 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution:
z-scores 49 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 52 4
Estimating Parameters with Confidence Intervals 56 4.1 Confidence intervals
on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 56 4.2 Confidence
intervals in practice: the t-distribution 57 4.3 Sample size 59 4.4
Confidence intervals for a proportion 60 5 Comparing Datasets 62 5.1
Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 62 5.1.1 Comparing
means: one-sample Z test 63 5.1.2 P-values 67 5.1.3 General procedure for
hypothesis testing 69 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one sample
t-test 69 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 71 5.4 Comparing two
samples 73 5.4.1 Independent samples 73 5.4.2 Comparing means: t-test with
unknown population variances assumed equal 73 5.4.3 Comparing means: t test
with unknown population variances assumed unequal 78 5.4.4 T test for use
with paired samples (paired t-test) 81 5.4.5 Comparing variances: F test 85
5.5 Non-parametric hypothesis testing 86 5.5.1 Parametric and
non-parametric tests 86 5.5.2 Mann-Whitney U test 87 6 Comparing
distributions: the Chi-squared test 92 6.1.1 Chi-squared test with one
sample 92 6.1.2 Chi-squared test for two samples 95 7 Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) 102 7.1 One-way analysis of variance 102 7.2 Assumptions and
diagnostics 113 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance
115 7.4 Non-parametric methods in the analysis of variance 119 7.5 Summary
and further applications 121 8 Correlation 124 8.1 Correlation analysis 124
8.2 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient 125 8.3 Significance
tests of correlation coefficient 128 8.4 Spearman's rank correlation
coefficient 129 8.5 Correlation and causality 131 9 Linear regression 135
9.1 Least-squares linear regression 135 9.2 Scatter plots 136 9.3 Choosing
the line of best fit: the 'least-squares' procedure 138 9.4 Analysis of
residuals 141 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 144 9.6 Is the
regression significant? 144 9.7 Coefficient of determination 148 9.8
Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters
150 9.8.1 Standard error of the regression parameters 150 9.8.2 Tests on
the regression parameters 151 9.8.3 Confidence intervals on the regression
parameters 153 9.8.4 Confidence interval about the regression line 153 9.9
Reduced major axis regression 154 9.10 Summary 155 10 Spatial Statistics
159 10.1 Spatial data 159 10.1.1 Types of spatial data 159 10.1.2 Spatial
data structures 160 10.1.3 Map projections 164 10.2 Summarizing spatial
data 170 10.2.1 Mean centre 170 10.2.2 Weighted mean centre 171 10.2.3
Density estimation 172 10.3 Identifying clusters 173 10.3.1 Quadrat test
173 10.3.2 Nearest neighbour statistics 175 10.4 Interpolation and plotting
contour maps 176 10.5 Spatial relationships 176 10.5.1 Spatial
autocorrelation 176 10.5.2 Join counts 177 10.5.3 Moran's I 184 11 Time
Series Analysis 189 11.1 Time series in geographical research 189 11.2
Analysing time series 190 11.2.1 Describing time series: definitions 190
11.2.2 Plotting time series 190 11.2.3 Decomposing time series: trends,
seasonality and irregular fluctuations 194 11.2.4 Analysing trends 194
11.2.5 Removing trends ('detrending' data) 200 11.2.6 Quantifying seasonal
variation 200 11.2.7 Autocorrelation 202 11.3 Summary and further reading
204 12 Bibliography 205 13 Introduction to the R package (Appendix A) 208
14 Statistical Tables (Appendix B) 209
do geographers need to use statistics? 9 1.2 About this book 11 1.3 Data
and measurement error 12 1.3.1 Types of geographical data: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio 12 1.3.2 Spatial data types 13 1.3.3
Measurement error, accuracy and precision 15 1.3.4 Reporting data and
uncertainties 17 1.3.5 Significant figures 18 1.3.6 Scientific notation
(standard form) 19 1.3.7 Calculations in scientific notation 21 2
Collecting and Summarizing Data 23 2.1 Sampling methods 23 2.1.1 Research
design 23 2.1.2 Random sampling 25 2.1.3 Systematic sampling 27 2.1.4
Stratified sampling 27 2.2 Graphical summaries 28 2.2.1 Frequency
Distributions and Histograms 28 2.2.2 Time-series plots 32 2.2.3 Scatter
plots 32 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 34 2.3.1 Measures of central
tendency: mean, median and mode 34 2.3.2 Mean 34 2.3.3 Median 35 2.3.4 Mode
35 2.3.5 Measures of dispersion 38 2.3.6 Variance 39 2.3.7 Standard
deviation 40 2.3.8 Coefficient of variation 41 2.3.9 Skewness and kurtosis
43 3 Probability and Sampling Distributions 47 3.1 Probability 47 3.1.1
Probability, statistics, and random variables 47 3.1.2 The properties of
the normal distribution 48 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution:
z-scores 49 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 52 4
Estimating Parameters with Confidence Intervals 56 4.1 Confidence intervals
on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 56 4.2 Confidence
intervals in practice: the t-distribution 57 4.3 Sample size 59 4.4
Confidence intervals for a proportion 60 5 Comparing Datasets 62 5.1
Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 62 5.1.1 Comparing
means: one-sample Z test 63 5.1.2 P-values 67 5.1.3 General procedure for
hypothesis testing 69 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one sample
t-test 69 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 71 5.4 Comparing two
samples 73 5.4.1 Independent samples 73 5.4.2 Comparing means: t-test with
unknown population variances assumed equal 73 5.4.3 Comparing means: t test
with unknown population variances assumed unequal 78 5.4.4 T test for use
with paired samples (paired t-test) 81 5.4.5 Comparing variances: F test 85
5.5 Non-parametric hypothesis testing 86 5.5.1 Parametric and
non-parametric tests 86 5.5.2 Mann-Whitney U test 87 6 Comparing
distributions: the Chi-squared test 92 6.1.1 Chi-squared test with one
sample 92 6.1.2 Chi-squared test for two samples 95 7 Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) 102 7.1 One-way analysis of variance 102 7.2 Assumptions and
diagnostics 113 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance
115 7.4 Non-parametric methods in the analysis of variance 119 7.5 Summary
and further applications 121 8 Correlation 124 8.1 Correlation analysis 124
8.2 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient 125 8.3 Significance
tests of correlation coefficient 128 8.4 Spearman's rank correlation
coefficient 129 8.5 Correlation and causality 131 9 Linear regression 135
9.1 Least-squares linear regression 135 9.2 Scatter plots 136 9.3 Choosing
the line of best fit: the 'least-squares' procedure 138 9.4 Analysis of
residuals 141 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 144 9.6 Is the
regression significant? 144 9.7 Coefficient of determination 148 9.8
Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters
150 9.8.1 Standard error of the regression parameters 150 9.8.2 Tests on
the regression parameters 151 9.8.3 Confidence intervals on the regression
parameters 153 9.8.4 Confidence interval about the regression line 153 9.9
Reduced major axis regression 154 9.10 Summary 155 10 Spatial Statistics
159 10.1 Spatial data 159 10.1.1 Types of spatial data 159 10.1.2 Spatial
data structures 160 10.1.3 Map projections 164 10.2 Summarizing spatial
data 170 10.2.1 Mean centre 170 10.2.2 Weighted mean centre 171 10.2.3
Density estimation 172 10.3 Identifying clusters 173 10.3.1 Quadrat test
173 10.3.2 Nearest neighbour statistics 175 10.4 Interpolation and plotting
contour maps 176 10.5 Spatial relationships 176 10.5.1 Spatial
autocorrelation 176 10.5.2 Join counts 177 10.5.3 Moran's I 184 11 Time
Series Analysis 189 11.1 Time series in geographical research 189 11.2
Analysing time series 190 11.2.1 Describing time series: definitions 190
11.2.2 Plotting time series 190 11.2.3 Decomposing time series: trends,
seasonality and irregular fluctuations 194 11.2.4 Analysing trends 194
11.2.5 Removing trends ('detrending' data) 200 11.2.6 Quantifying seasonal
variation 200 11.2.7 Autocorrelation 202 11.3 Summary and further reading
204 12 Bibliography 205 13 Introduction to the R package (Appendix A) 208
14 Statistical Tables (Appendix B) 209
1 Dealing with Data 9 1.1 The role of statistics in geography 9 1.1.1 Why
do geographers need to use statistics? 9 1.2 About this book 11 1.3 Data
and measurement error 12 1.3.1 Types of geographical data: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio 12 1.3.2 Spatial data types 13 1.3.3
Measurement error, accuracy and precision 15 1.3.4 Reporting data and
uncertainties 17 1.3.5 Significant figures 18 1.3.6 Scientific notation
(standard form) 19 1.3.7 Calculations in scientific notation 21 2
Collecting and Summarizing Data 23 2.1 Sampling methods 23 2.1.1 Research
design 23 2.1.2 Random sampling 25 2.1.3 Systematic sampling 27 2.1.4
Stratified sampling 27 2.2 Graphical summaries 28 2.2.1 Frequency
Distributions and Histograms 28 2.2.2 Time-series plots 32 2.2.3 Scatter
plots 32 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 34 2.3.1 Measures of central
tendency: mean, median and mode 34 2.3.2 Mean 34 2.3.3 Median 35 2.3.4 Mode
35 2.3.5 Measures of dispersion 38 2.3.6 Variance 39 2.3.7 Standard
deviation 40 2.3.8 Coefficient of variation 41 2.3.9 Skewness and kurtosis
43 3 Probability and Sampling Distributions 47 3.1 Probability 47 3.1.1
Probability, statistics, and random variables 47 3.1.2 The properties of
the normal distribution 48 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution:
z-scores 49 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 52 4
Estimating Parameters with Confidence Intervals 56 4.1 Confidence intervals
on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 56 4.2 Confidence
intervals in practice: the t-distribution 57 4.3 Sample size 59 4.4
Confidence intervals for a proportion 60 5 Comparing Datasets 62 5.1
Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 62 5.1.1 Comparing
means: one-sample Z test 63 5.1.2 P-values 67 5.1.3 General procedure for
hypothesis testing 69 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one sample
t-test 69 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 71 5.4 Comparing two
samples 73 5.4.1 Independent samples 73 5.4.2 Comparing means: t-test with
unknown population variances assumed equal 73 5.4.3 Comparing means: t test
with unknown population variances assumed unequal 78 5.4.4 T test for use
with paired samples (paired t-test) 81 5.4.5 Comparing variances: F test 85
5.5 Non-parametric hypothesis testing 86 5.5.1 Parametric and
non-parametric tests 86 5.5.2 Mann-Whitney U test 87 6 Comparing
distributions: the Chi-squared test 92 6.1.1 Chi-squared test with one
sample 92 6.1.2 Chi-squared test for two samples 95 7 Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) 102 7.1 One-way analysis of variance 102 7.2 Assumptions and
diagnostics 113 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance
115 7.4 Non-parametric methods in the analysis of variance 119 7.5 Summary
and further applications 121 8 Correlation 124 8.1 Correlation analysis 124
8.2 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient 125 8.3 Significance
tests of correlation coefficient 128 8.4 Spearman's rank correlation
coefficient 129 8.5 Correlation and causality 131 9 Linear regression 135
9.1 Least-squares linear regression 135 9.2 Scatter plots 136 9.3 Choosing
the line of best fit: the 'least-squares' procedure 138 9.4 Analysis of
residuals 141 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 144 9.6 Is the
regression significant? 144 9.7 Coefficient of determination 148 9.8
Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters
150 9.8.1 Standard error of the regression parameters 150 9.8.2 Tests on
the regression parameters 151 9.8.3 Confidence intervals on the regression
parameters 153 9.8.4 Confidence interval about the regression line 153 9.9
Reduced major axis regression 154 9.10 Summary 155 10 Spatial Statistics
159 10.1 Spatial data 159 10.1.1 Types of spatial data 159 10.1.2 Spatial
data structures 160 10.1.3 Map projections 164 10.2 Summarizing spatial
data 170 10.2.1 Mean centre 170 10.2.2 Weighted mean centre 171 10.2.3
Density estimation 172 10.3 Identifying clusters 173 10.3.1 Quadrat test
173 10.3.2 Nearest neighbour statistics 175 10.4 Interpolation and plotting
contour maps 176 10.5 Spatial relationships 176 10.5.1 Spatial
autocorrelation 176 10.5.2 Join counts 177 10.5.3 Moran's I 184 11 Time
Series Analysis 189 11.1 Time series in geographical research 189 11.2
Analysing time series 190 11.2.1 Describing time series: definitions 190
11.2.2 Plotting time series 190 11.2.3 Decomposing time series: trends,
seasonality and irregular fluctuations 194 11.2.4 Analysing trends 194
11.2.5 Removing trends ('detrending' data) 200 11.2.6 Quantifying seasonal
variation 200 11.2.7 Autocorrelation 202 11.3 Summary and further reading
204 12 Bibliography 205 13 Introduction to the R package (Appendix A) 208
14 Statistical Tables (Appendix B) 209
do geographers need to use statistics? 9 1.2 About this book 11 1.3 Data
and measurement error 12 1.3.1 Types of geographical data: nominal,
ordinal, interval, and ratio 12 1.3.2 Spatial data types 13 1.3.3
Measurement error, accuracy and precision 15 1.3.4 Reporting data and
uncertainties 17 1.3.5 Significant figures 18 1.3.6 Scientific notation
(standard form) 19 1.3.7 Calculations in scientific notation 21 2
Collecting and Summarizing Data 23 2.1 Sampling methods 23 2.1.1 Research
design 23 2.1.2 Random sampling 25 2.1.3 Systematic sampling 27 2.1.4
Stratified sampling 27 2.2 Graphical summaries 28 2.2.1 Frequency
Distributions and Histograms 28 2.2.2 Time-series plots 32 2.2.3 Scatter
plots 32 2.3 Summarizing data numerically 34 2.3.1 Measures of central
tendency: mean, median and mode 34 2.3.2 Mean 34 2.3.3 Median 35 2.3.4 Mode
35 2.3.5 Measures of dispersion 38 2.3.6 Variance 39 2.3.7 Standard
deviation 40 2.3.8 Coefficient of variation 41 2.3.9 Skewness and kurtosis
43 3 Probability and Sampling Distributions 47 3.1 Probability 47 3.1.1
Probability, statistics, and random variables 47 3.1.2 The properties of
the normal distribution 48 3.2 Probability and the normal distribution:
z-scores 49 3.3 Sampling distributions and the central limit theorem 52 4
Estimating Parameters with Confidence Intervals 56 4.1 Confidence intervals
on the mean of a normal distribution: the basics 56 4.2 Confidence
intervals in practice: the t-distribution 57 4.3 Sample size 59 4.4
Confidence intervals for a proportion 60 5 Comparing Datasets 62 5.1
Hypothesis testing with one sample: general principles 62 5.1.1 Comparing
means: one-sample Z test 63 5.1.2 P-values 67 5.1.3 General procedure for
hypothesis testing 69 5.2 Comparing means from small samples: one sample
t-test 69 5.3 Comparing proportions for one sample 71 5.4 Comparing two
samples 73 5.4.1 Independent samples 73 5.4.2 Comparing means: t-test with
unknown population variances assumed equal 73 5.4.3 Comparing means: t test
with unknown population variances assumed unequal 78 5.4.4 T test for use
with paired samples (paired t-test) 81 5.4.5 Comparing variances: F test 85
5.5 Non-parametric hypothesis testing 86 5.5.1 Parametric and
non-parametric tests 86 5.5.2 Mann-Whitney U test 87 6 Comparing
distributions: the Chi-squared test 92 6.1.1 Chi-squared test with one
sample 92 6.1.2 Chi-squared test for two samples 95 7 Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) 102 7.1 One-way analysis of variance 102 7.2 Assumptions and
diagnostics 113 7.3 Multiple comparison tests after analysis of variance
115 7.4 Non-parametric methods in the analysis of variance 119 7.5 Summary
and further applications 121 8 Correlation 124 8.1 Correlation analysis 124
8.2 Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient 125 8.3 Significance
tests of correlation coefficient 128 8.4 Spearman's rank correlation
coefficient 129 8.5 Correlation and causality 131 9 Linear regression 135
9.1 Least-squares linear regression 135 9.2 Scatter plots 136 9.3 Choosing
the line of best fit: the 'least-squares' procedure 138 9.4 Analysis of
residuals 141 9.5 Assumptions and caveats with regression 144 9.6 Is the
regression significant? 144 9.7 Coefficient of determination 148 9.8
Confidence intervals and hypothesis tests concerning regression parameters
150 9.8.1 Standard error of the regression parameters 150 9.8.2 Tests on
the regression parameters 151 9.8.3 Confidence intervals on the regression
parameters 153 9.8.4 Confidence interval about the regression line 153 9.9
Reduced major axis regression 154 9.10 Summary 155 10 Spatial Statistics
159 10.1 Spatial data 159 10.1.1 Types of spatial data 159 10.1.2 Spatial
data structures 160 10.1.3 Map projections 164 10.2 Summarizing spatial
data 170 10.2.1 Mean centre 170 10.2.2 Weighted mean centre 171 10.2.3
Density estimation 172 10.3 Identifying clusters 173 10.3.1 Quadrat test
173 10.3.2 Nearest neighbour statistics 175 10.4 Interpolation and plotting
contour maps 176 10.5 Spatial relationships 176 10.5.1 Spatial
autocorrelation 176 10.5.2 Join counts 177 10.5.3 Moran's I 184 11 Time
Series Analysis 189 11.1 Time series in geographical research 189 11.2
Analysing time series 190 11.2.1 Describing time series: definitions 190
11.2.2 Plotting time series 190 11.2.3 Decomposing time series: trends,
seasonality and irregular fluctuations 194 11.2.4 Analysing trends 194
11.2.5 Removing trends ('detrending' data) 200 11.2.6 Quantifying seasonal
variation 200 11.2.7 Autocorrelation 202 11.3 Summary and further reading
204 12 Bibliography 205 13 Introduction to the R package (Appendix A) 208
14 Statistical Tables (Appendix B) 209