Natural history collections have recently acquired an unprecedented place of importance in scientific research. Originally created in the context of systematics and taxonomy, they are now proving to be fundamental for answering various scientific and societal questions that are as significant as they are current. Natural History Collections in the Science of the 21st Century presents a wide range of questions and answers raised by the study of collections. The billions of specimens that have been collected from all around the world over more than two centuries provide us with information…mehr
Natural history collections have recently acquired an unprecedented place of importance in scientific research. Originally created in the context of systematics and taxonomy, they are now proving to be fundamental for answering various scientific and societal questions that are as significant as they are current.
Natural History Collections in the Science of the 21st Century presents a wide range of questions and answers raised by the study of collections. The billions of specimens that have been collected from all around the world over more than two centuries provide us with information that is vital in our quest for knowledge about the Earth, the universe, the diversity of life and the history of humankind.
These collections also provide valuable reference points from the past to help us understand the nature and dynamics of global change today. Their physical permanence is the best guarantee we have of a return to data and to information sources in the context of open science.
Roseli Pellens is a researcher in macroecology and systematics for conservation at the Institute of Systematics, Evolution and Biodiversity, France. Her research interests include openness and sharing in science, and the contribution of natural history collections as a sustainable source of data and inspiration.
Inhaltsangabe
Foreword xvii Bruno DAVID
Acknowledgments xxi Roseli PELLENS
Chapter 1. Natural History Collections: An Essential Resource for Science in the 21st Century 1 Roseli PELLENS
1.1. Collections in early 21st century science 2
1.2. New explorations because of the magnitude and diversity of the collections' data 3
1.3. Research using and driving the constitution of natural history collections 5
1.3.1. Being able to return to the object: one of the major contributions of natural history collections 6
1.3.2. Collections at the heart of highly innovative research thanks to new technologies 7
1.3.3. A resource for global change research 8
1.3.4. Designing the science of the future based on collections 9
1.4. References 11
Chapter 2. Natural History Collections: An Ancient Concept in a Present and Future Perspective 13 Philippe GRANDCOLAS
2.1. Introduction 14
2.2. A tribute to curiosity and coupling with classifications 14
2.3. The structuring of our thoughts and actions by an ancient concept 16
2.4. Collections: more than species catalogues 18
2.5. Big Data collections in space and time 19
2.6. What future is there for the use of collections? 20
2.7. Conclusion 22
2.8. References 22
Chapter 3. Louis XIV's Blue Gems: Exceptional Rediscoveries at the French National Museum of Natural History 27 François FARGES
3.1. Introduction 29
3.2. A scientific investigation of color 31
3.3. The digital decoding of the creative genius of the royal gem cutter 32
3.4. Epilogue: toward a renaissance.. 35
3.5. References 36
Chapter 4. Rediscovering Human Mummies: Unpublished data on the Chachapoya Mummy Exhibited at the Musée de l'Homme 37 Aline THOMAS, Arnaud ANSART, Christophe BOU, Jean-Bernard HUCHET, Véronique LABORDE, Samuel MERIGEAUD and Éloïse QUETEL
4.1. Introduction 38
4.1.1. The Muséum's collection of human mummies 38
4.1.2. Origin, discovery, donation and exhibition: a brief history of the mummy 40
4.2. Materials and methods 43
4.2.1. The MNHN-HA-30187 mummy: position of the body, measurements and external appearance 43
4.2.2. Medical imaging protocol and technique 45
4.2.3. Protocol for experimental reproduction of trepanation 45
4.3. Results 46
4.3.1. Basic biological identity 46
4.3.2. Osteo-dental status 47
4.3.3. Internal organs 48
4.3.4. Archeoentomology 50
4.3.5. Cranial trepanation: location, size and mode of operation 52
4.4. Discussion 54
4.4.1. Identity of the deceased and health status 54
4.4.2. Treatment of the corpse and embalming 55
4.4.3. Chronology of mortuary gestures 56
4.5. Conclusion 58
4.6. References 59
Chapter 5. Reconstructing the History of Human Populations: A Challenge for Biological Anthropology 63 Martin FRIESS and Manon GALLAND
5.1. Introduction 63
5.1.1. How human remains have also become scientific objects 63
5.1.2. The MNHN biological anthropology collection 64
5.1.3. Cranial morphology as an indication of biocultural processes 65
5.2. Cranial morphology and settlement history 66
5.2.1. A new look at the diversity of Native Americans 69
5.3. Cranial morphology and adaptation to the environment 71
5.3.1. Cranial diversity beyond randomness 73
5.4. The importance of cranial collection for the advancement of research in biological anthropology 75
Chapter 1. Natural History Collections: An Essential Resource for Science in the 21st Century 1 Roseli PELLENS
1.1. Collections in early 21st century science 2
1.2. New explorations because of the magnitude and diversity of the collections' data 3
1.3. Research using and driving the constitution of natural history collections 5
1.3.1. Being able to return to the object: one of the major contributions of natural history collections 6
1.3.2. Collections at the heart of highly innovative research thanks to new technologies 7
1.3.3. A resource for global change research 8
1.3.4. Designing the science of the future based on collections 9
1.4. References 11
Chapter 2. Natural History Collections: An Ancient Concept in a Present and Future Perspective 13 Philippe GRANDCOLAS
2.1. Introduction 14
2.2. A tribute to curiosity and coupling with classifications 14
2.3. The structuring of our thoughts and actions by an ancient concept 16
2.4. Collections: more than species catalogues 18
2.5. Big Data collections in space and time 19
2.6. What future is there for the use of collections? 20
2.7. Conclusion 22
2.8. References 22
Chapter 3. Louis XIV's Blue Gems: Exceptional Rediscoveries at the French National Museum of Natural History 27 François FARGES
3.1. Introduction 29
3.2. A scientific investigation of color 31
3.3. The digital decoding of the creative genius of the royal gem cutter 32
3.4. Epilogue: toward a renaissance.. 35
3.5. References 36
Chapter 4. Rediscovering Human Mummies: Unpublished data on the Chachapoya Mummy Exhibited at the Musée de l'Homme 37 Aline THOMAS, Arnaud ANSART, Christophe BOU, Jean-Bernard HUCHET, Véronique LABORDE, Samuel MERIGEAUD and Éloïse QUETEL
4.1. Introduction 38
4.1.1. The Muséum's collection of human mummies 38
4.1.2. Origin, discovery, donation and exhibition: a brief history of the mummy 40
4.2. Materials and methods 43
4.2.1. The MNHN-HA-30187 mummy: position of the body, measurements and external appearance 43
4.2.2. Medical imaging protocol and technique 45
4.2.3. Protocol for experimental reproduction of trepanation 45
4.3. Results 46
4.3.1. Basic biological identity 46
4.3.2. Osteo-dental status 47
4.3.3. Internal organs 48
4.3.4. Archeoentomology 50
4.3.5. Cranial trepanation: location, size and mode of operation 52
4.4. Discussion 54
4.4.1. Identity of the deceased and health status 54
4.4.2. Treatment of the corpse and embalming 55
4.4.3. Chronology of mortuary gestures 56
4.5. Conclusion 58
4.6. References 59
Chapter 5. Reconstructing the History of Human Populations: A Challenge for Biological Anthropology 63 Martin FRIESS and Manon GALLAND
5.1. Introduction 63
5.1.1. How human remains have also become scientific objects 63
5.1.2. The MNHN biological anthropology collection 64
5.1.3. Cranial morphology as an indication of biocultural processes 65
5.2. Cranial morphology and settlement history 66
5.2.1. A new look at the diversity of Native Americans 69
5.3. Cranial morphology and adaptation to the environment 71
5.3.1. Cranial diversity beyond randomness 73
5.4. The importance of cranial collection for the advancement of research in biological anthropology 75
5.5. References 76
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