Dragan Jovcic, Khaled Ahmed

High Voltage Direct Current Transmission

Converters, Systems and DC Grids

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This comprehensive reference guides the reader through all HVDC technologies, including LCC (Line Commutated Converter), 2-level VSC and VSC HVDC based on modular multilevel converters (MMC) for an in-depth understanding of converters, system level design, operating principles and modeling. Written in a tutorial style, the book also describes the key principles of design, control, protection and operation of DC transmission grids, which will be substantially different from the practice with AC transmission grids.

The first dedicated reference to the latest HVDC technologies and DC grid developments; this is an essential resource for graduate students and researchers as well as engineers and professionals working on the design, modeling and operation of DC grids and HVDC.

Key features:
Provides comprehensive coverage of LCC, VSC and (half and full bridge) MMC-based VSC technologies and DC transmission grids.
Presents phasor and dynamic analytical models for each HVDC technology and DC grids.
Includes HVDC protection, studies of DC and AC faults, as well as system-level studies of AC-DC interactions and impact on AC grids for each HVDC technology.
Companion website hosts SIMULINK SimPowerSystems models with examples for all HVDC topologies.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 456
• Erscheinungstermin: 28. September 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 250mm x 175mm x 28mm
• Gewicht: 929g
• ISBN-13: 9781118846667
• ISBN-10: 1118846664
• Artikelnr.: 42768890

Autorenporträt

Professor Dragan Jovcic, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Professor Jovcic has been with the University of Aberdeen since 2004. Between 2000 and 2004 he worked as a Lecturer with the University of Ulster. He was a Design Engineer in the New Zealand power industry between 1999 and 2000, and a visiting professor on a 6-months appointment at McGill University, Canada in 2008. His research career has focused on HVDC, FACTS and DC grids. Professor Jovcic has published around 80 articles related to HVDC and power electronics applications, to transmission systems. He has supervised numerous externally funded research projects with the total budget of over £2.5million. He has thirteen years of university teaching experience in the subjects of electrical engineering and control in UK. Professor Jovcic is Senior member of IEEE and a CIGRE member; he is also a member of three CIGRE working groups. Dr Khaled Ahmed, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Dr Ahmed has been working in the renewable energy field for more than eight years. He has been a researcher on two main projects sponsored by the EPSRC research council. He is a senior member of the IEEE industrial electronics society and has published over 53 technical papers in refereed journals and conferences related to renewable energy applications, modular multilevel converter based applications, and HVDC systems. Dr Ahmed has eleven years of university teaching experience in the subjects of electrical engineering, power electronics and control in Egypt and the UK. Recently, he was part of a 2-lecturer team who designed and delivered a continuing professional development (CPD) course on HVDC for the SSE HVDC technology engineering team (SSE is a leading electricity and gas company, operating mainly in the UK and Ireland).

Inhaltsangabe

Contents Preface xi Part I HVDC with Current Source Converters 1 1
Introduction to Line-Commutated HVDC 3 1.1 HVDC Applications 3 1.2
Line-Commutated HVDC Components 5 1.3 DC Cables and Overhead Lines 6 1.4
LCC HVDC Topologies 7 1.5 Losses in LCC HVDC Systems 9 1.6 Conversion of AC
Lines to DC 10 1.7 Ultra-High Voltage HVDC 10 2 Thyristors 12 2.1 Operating
Characteristics 12 2.2 Switching Characteristic 13 2.3 Losses in HVDC
Thyristors 17 2.4 Valve Structure and Thyristor Snubbers 20 2.5 Thyristor
Rating Selection and Overload Capability 22 3 Six-Pulse Diode and Thyristor
Converter 23 3.1 Three-Phase Uncontrolled Bridge 23 3.2 Three-Phase
Thyristor Rectifier 25 3.3 Analysis of Commutation Overlap in a Thyristor
Converter 26 3.4 Active and Reactive Power in a Three-Phase Thyristor
Converter 30 3.5 Inverter Operation 31 4 HVDC Rectifier Station Modelling,
Control and Synchronization with AC Systems 35 4.1 HVDC Rectifier
Controller 35 4.2 Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) 36 5 HVDC Inverter Station
Modelling and Control 40 5.1 Inverter Controller 40 5.2 Commutation Failure
42 6 HVDC System V-I Diagrams and Operating Modes 45 6.1 HVDC-Equivalent
Circuit 45 6.2 HVDC V-I Operating Diagram 45 6.3 HVDC Power Reversal 48 7
HVDC Analytical Modelling and Stability 53 7.1 Introduction to Converters
and HVDC Modelling 53 7.2 HVDC Analytical Model 54 7.3 CIGRE HVDC Benchmark
Model 56 7.4 Converter Modelling, Linearization and Gain Scheduling 56 7.5
AC System Modelling for HVDC Stability Studies 58 7.6 LCC Converter
Transformer Model 62 7.7 DC System Model 63 7.8 HVDC-HVAC System Model 65
7.9 Analytical Dynamic Model Verification 65 7.10 Basic HVDC Dynamic
Analysis 66 7.11 HVDC Second Harmonic Instability 70 7.12 Oscillations of
100 Hz on the DC Side 71 8 HVDC Phasor Modelling and Interactions with AC
System 72 8.1 Converter and DC System Phasor Model 72 8.2 Phasor AC System
Model and Interaction with the DC System 73 8.3 Inverter AC Voltage and
Power Profile as DC Current is Increasing 75 8.4 Influence of Converter
Extinction Angle 76 8.5 Influence of Shunt Reactive Power Compensation 78
8.6 Influence of Load at the Converter Terminals 78 8.7 Influence of
Operating Mode (DC Voltage Control Mode) 78 8.8 Rectifier Operating Mode 80
9 HVDC Operation with Weak AC Systems 82 9.1 Introduction 82 9.2
Short-Circuit Ratio and Equivalent Short-Circuit Ratio 82 9.3 Power
Transfer between Two AC Systems 85 9.4 Phasor Study of Converter
Interactions with Weak AC Systems 89 9.5 System Dynamics (Small Signal
Stability) with Low SCR 90 9.6 Control and Main Circuit Solutions for Weak
AC Grids 90 9.7 LCC HVDC with SVC (Static VAR Compensator) 91 9.8
Capacitor-Commutated Converters for HVDC 93 9.9 AC System with Low Inertia
93 10 Fault Management and HVDC System Protection 98 10.1 Introduction 98
10.2 DC Line Faults 98 10.3 AC System Faults 101 10.4 System
Reconfiguration for Permanent DC Faults 103 10.5 Overvoltage Protection 106
11 LCC HVDC System Harmonics 107 11.1 Harmonic Performance Criteria 107
11.2 Harmonic Limits 108 11.3 Thyristor Converter Harmonics 109 11.4
Harmonic Filters 110 11.5 Noncharacteristic Harmonic Reduction Using HVDC
Controls 118 Bibliography Part I Line Commutated Converter HVDC 119 Part II
HVDC with Voltage Source Converters 121 12 VSC HVDC Applications and
Topologies, Performance and Cost Comparison with LCC HVDC 123 12.1 Voltage
Source Converters (VSC) 123 12.2 Comparison with Line-Commutated Converter
(LCC) HVDC 125 12.3 Overhead and Subsea/Underground VSC HVDC Transmission
126 12.4 DC Cable Types with VSC HVDC 129 12.5 Monopolar and Bipolar VSC
HVDC Systems 129 12.6 VSC HVDC Converter Topologies 130 12.7 VSC HVDC
Station Components 135 12.8 AC Reactors 139 12.9 DC Reactors 139 13 IGBT
Switches and VSC Converter Losses 141 13.1 Introduction to IGBT and IGCT
141 13.2 General VSC Converter Switch Requirements 142 13.3 IGBT Technology
142 13.4 Development of High Power IGBT Devices 147 13.5 IEGT Technology
148 13.6 Losses Calculation 148 13.7 Balancing Challenges in Series IGBT
Chains 154 13.8 Snubbers Circuits 155 14 Single-Phase and Three-Phase
Two-Level VSC Converters 156 14.1 Introduction 156 14.2 Single-Phase
Voltage Source Converter 156 14.3 Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter 159
14.4 Square-Wave, Six-Pulse Operation 159 15 Two-Level PWM VSC Converters
167 15.1 Introduction 167 15.2 PWM Modulation 167 15.3 Sinusoidal
Pulse-Width Modulation (SPWM) 168 15.4 Third Harmonic Injection (THI) 171
15.5 Selective Harmonic Elimination Modulation (SHE) 172 15.6 Converter
Losses for Two-Level SPWM VSC 173 15.7 Harmonics with Pulse-Width
Modulation (PWM) 175 15.8 Comparison of PWM Modulation Techniques 178 16
Multilevel VSC Converters 180 16.1 Introduction 180 16.2 Modulation
Techniques for Multilevel Converters 182 16.3 Neutral Point Clamped
Multilevel Converter 183 16.4 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter 185
16.5 H-Bridge Cascaded Converter 186 16.6 Half Bridge Modular Multilevel
Converter (MMC) 187 16.7 MMC Based on Full Bridge Topology 200 16.8
Comparison of Multilevel Topologies 208 17 Two-Level PWM VSC HVDC
Modelling, Control and Dynamics 209 17.1 PWM Two-Level Converter Average
Model 209 17.2 Two-Level PWM Converter Model in DQ Frame 210 17.3 VSC
Converter Transformer Model 212 17.4 Two-Level VSC Converter and AC Grid
Model in ABC Frame 213 17.5 Two-Level VSC Converter and AC Grid Model in DQ
Rotating Coordinate Frame 213 17.6 VSC Converter Control Principles 214
17.7 The Inner Current Controller Design 215 17.8 Outer Controller Design
218 17.9 Complete VSC Converter Controller 221 17.10 Small-Signal
Linearized VSC HVDC Model 224 17.11 Small-Signal Dynamic Studies 224 18
Two-Level VSC HVDC Phasor-Domain Interaction with AC Systems and PQ
Operating Diagrams 226 18.1 Power Exchange between Two AC Voltage Sources
226 18.2 Converter Phasor Model and Power Exchange with an AC System 230
18.3 Phasor Study of VSC Converter Interaction with AC System 232 18.4
Operating Limits 234 18.5 Design Point Selection 236 18.6 Influence of AC
System Strength 239 18.7 Influence of Transformer Reactance 243 18.8
Operation with Very Weak AC Systems 247 19 Half Bridge MMC Converter:
Modelling, Control and Operating PQ Diagrams 254 19.1 Half Bridge MMC
Converter Average Model in ABC Frame 254 19.2 Half-Bridge MMC
Converter-Static DQ Frame and Phasor Model 257 19.3 Differential Current at
Second Harmonic 262 19.4 Complete MMC Converter DQ Model in Matrix Form 263
19.5 Second Harmonic Circulating Current Suppression Controller 264 19.6 DQ
Frame Model of MMC with Circulating Current Controller 267 19.7 Phasor
Model of MMC with Circulating Current Suppression Controller 269 19.8
Dynamic MMC Model Using Equivalent Series Capacitor CMMC 270 19.9 Full
Dynamic Analytical MMC Model 273 19.10 MMC Converter Controller 275 19.11
MMC Total Series Reactance in the Phasor Model 275 19.12 MMC VSC
Interaction with AC System and PQ Operating Diagrams 277 20 VSC HVDC under
AC and DC Fault Conditions 280 20.1 Introduction 280 20.2 Faults on the AC
System 280 20.3 DC Faults with Two-Level VSC 281 20.4 Influence of DC
Capacitors 286 20.5 VSC Converter Modelling under DC Faults and VSC Diode
Bridge 287 20.6 Converter-Mode Transitions as DC Voltage Reduces 294 20.7
DC Faults with Half-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter 294 20.8 DC Faults
with Full-Bridge Modular Multilevel Converter 298 21 VSC HVDC Application
for AC Grid Support and Operation with Passive AC Systems 302 21.1 VSC HVDC
High-Level Controls and AC Grid Support 302 21.2 HVDC Embedded inside an AC
Grid 303 21.3 HVDC Connecting Two Separate AC Grids 304 21.4 HVDC in
Parallel with AC 304 21.5 Operation with a Passive AC System and Black
Start Capability 305 21.6 VSC HVDC Operation with Offshore Wind Farms 305
21.7 VSC HVDC Supplying Power Offshore and Driving a MW-Size Variable-Speed
Motor 307 Bibliography Part II Voltage Source Converter HVDC 309 Part III
DC Transmission Grids 311 22 Introduction to DC Grids 313 22.1 DC versus AC
Transmission 313 22.2 Terminology 314 22.3 DC Grid Planning, Topology and
Power-Transfer Security 314 22.4 Technical Challenges 315 22.5 DC Grid
Building by Multiple Manufacturers 316 22.6 Economic Aspects 316 23 DC
Grids with Line-Commutated Converters 317 23.1 Multiterminal HVDC 317 23.2
Italy-Corsica-Sardinia Multiterminal HVDC Link 318 23.3 Connecting LCC
Converter to a DC Grid 319 23.4 Control of LCC Converters in DC Grids 321
23.5 Control of LCC DC Grids through DC Voltage Droop Feedback 321 23.6
Managing LCC DC Grid Faults 323 23.7 Reactive Power Issues 325 23.8 Large
LCC Rectifier Stations in DC Grids 325 24 DC Grids with Voltage Source
Converters and Power-Flow Model 326 24.1 Connecting a VSC Converter to a DC
Grid 326 24.2 DC Grid Power Flow Model 327 24.3 DC Grid Power Flow under DC
Faults 331 25 DC Grid Control 334 25.1 Introduction 334 25.2 Fast Local VSC
Converter Control in DC Grids 334 25.3 DC Grid Dispatcher with Remote
Communication 336 25.4 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary DC Grid Control 337
25.5 DC Voltage Droop Control for VSC Converters in DC Grids 338 25.6
Three-Level Control for VSC Converters with Dispatcher Droop 339 25.7 Power
Flow Algorithm When DC Powers are Regulated 340 25.8 Power Flow and Control
Study of CIGRE DC Grid-Test System 344 26 DC Grid Fault Management and DC
Circuit Breakers 349 26.1 Introduction 349 26.2 Fault Current Components in
DC Grids 350 26.3 DC System Protection Coordination with AC System
Protection 352 26.4 Mechanical DC Circuit Breaker 352 26.5 Semiconductor
Based DC Circuit Breaker 355 26.6 Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker 359 26.7 DC
Grid-Protection System Development 361 26.8 DC Grid Selective Protection
System Based on Current Derivative or Travelling Wave Identification 362
26.9 Differential DC Grid Protection Strategy 363 26.10 DC Grid Selective
Protection System Based on Local Signals 364 26.11 DC Grids with DC
Fault-Tolerant VSC Converters 365 27 High Power DC/DC Converters and DC
Power-Flow Controlling Devices 372 27.1 Introduction 372 27.2 Power Flow
Control Using Series Resistors 373 27.3 Low Stepping-Ratio DC/DC Converters
376 27.4 High Stepping Ratio Isolated DC/DC Converter 383 27.5 High
Stepping Ratio LCL DC/DC Converter 383 27.6 Building DC Grids with DC/DC
Converters 385 27.7 DC Hubs 387 27.8 Developing DC Grids Using DC Hubs 390
27.9 North Sea DC Grid Topologies 390 Bibliography Part III DC Transmission
Grids 394 Appendix A Variable Notations 396 Appendix B Analytical
Background for Rotating DQ Frame 398 Appendix C System Modelling Using
Complex Numbers and Phasors 409 Appendix D Simulink Examples 411 Index 000