Fatigue failure is a multi-stage process. It begins with the initiation of cracks, and with continued cyclic loading the cracks propagate, finally leading to the rupture of a component or specimen. The demarcation between the above stages is not well-defined. Depending upon the scale of interest, the variation may span three orders of magnitude. For example, to a material scientist an initiated crack may be of the order of a micron, whereas for an engineer it can be of the order of a millimetre. It is not surprising therefore to see that investigation of the fatigue process has followed…mehr
Fatigue failure is a multi-stage process. It begins with the initiation of cracks, and with continued cyclic loading the cracks propagate, finally leading to the rupture of a component or specimen. The demarcation between the above stages is not well-defined. Depending upon the scale of interest, the variation may span three orders of magnitude. For example, to a material scientist an initiated crack may be of the order of a micron, whereas for an engineer it can be of the order of a millimetre. It is not surprising therefore to see that investigation of the fatigue process has followed different paths depending upon the scale of phenomenon under investigation. Interest in the study of fatigue failure increased with the advent of industrial ization. Because of the urgent need to design against fatigue failure, early investiga tors focused on prototype testing and proposed failure criteria similar to design formulae. Thus, a methodology developed whereby the fatigue theories were proposed based on experimental observations, albeit at times with limited scope. This type of phenomenological approach progressed rapidly during the past four decades as closed-loop testing machines became available.
1 Some general concepts concerning fatigue.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Types of loading.- 1.3 Fatigue failure mechanisms.- 1.4 Factors affecting fatigue life.- 1.5 Fatigue design methodology.- 1.6 Probabilistic approach.- References.- 2 Cyclic stress-strain response.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Monotonic behaviour under tension or compression.- 2.3 Material response to cyclic deformation or loading - transient behaviour.- 2.4 Stable cyclic response.- 2.5 Analysis of hysteresis loops.- 2.6 Description of the master curve.- 2.7 Slope of the stress-strain curve during load reversal.- 2.8 Effect of temperature on the cyclic stress-strain relationship.- 2.9 Effect of environment on the stable cyclic stress-strain relationship.- 2.10 Effect of rate of loading on the stable cyclic response.- 2.11 Cyclic stress-strain relationship for multiaxial stress states - proportional loading paths.- References.- 3 Phenomenological approach to fatigue life prediction under uniaxial loading.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Stress-based approach.- 3.3 Strain-based approach.- 3.4 Energy-based approach.- 3.5 Cumulative damage.- 3.6 Time-dependent fatigue.- 3.7 A mechanism-based damage function for time-dependent fatigue.- 3.8 Effect of environment on crack initiation and fatigue life.- 3.9 Effect of mean stress and ratcheting strain on fatigue life.- References.- 4 Fatigue failure under multiaxial states of stress.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Previous investigations.- 4.3 A general approach to multiaxial fatigue.- 4.4 The multiaxial fatigue failure criterion.- 4.5 Multiaxial fatigue life prediction.- 4.6 Effect of mean-stress - proportional loading.- 4.7 Non-proportional cyclic loading.- 4.8 Effects of mean stress and ratcheting deformation.- References.- 5 Multiaxial experimental facilities.- 5.1Introduction.- 5.2 Specimen geometry.- 5.3 Analysis of thin-walled cylindrical specimens.- 5.4 The test system.- 5.5 Measuring devices.- 5.6 Test procedure.- 5.7 Typical multiaxial test results.- 5.8 Other test facilities.- References.- 6 Constitutive laws for transient and stable behaviour of inelastic solids.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Requirements for a constitutive model.- 6.3 Experimental definition of yield point and yield loci.- 6.4 Experimental observations.- 6.5 A constitutive model for transient non-proportional plasticity - rate-independent behaviour.- 6.6 Correlation with some experimental results.- 6.7 Extension to rate-dependent behaviour.- 6.8 Correlation with some rate-dependent experimental observations.- 6.9 A constitutive model for creep deformation including prior plastic strain effects.- 6.10 Concluding remarks.- References.- 7 Fatigue crack growth.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics.- 7.3 Nonlinear fracture mechanics.- 7.4 The concept of small-scale yielding.- 7.5 Initiation of crack growth.- 7.6 Mechanics of fatigue crack growth.- 7.7 A low-cycle fatigue-based crack propagation model.- 7.8 The crack closure phenomenon.- 7.9 Crack closure models.- 7.10 Time-dependent crack growth - temperature effects.- 7.11 Time-dependent crack growth - environmental effects.- References.- 8 Fatigue of notched members.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Notch analysis.- 8.3 Life to crack initiation.- 8.4 Growth of cracks initiated from notches.- 8.5 Initiation and growth of cracks from notches subject to far-field cyclic compressive load.- References.- 9 Growth and behaviour of small cracks.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Small crack regimes.- 9.3 Mechanisms of small crack growth.- 9.4 Experimental data on small crack behaviour.- 9.5 Models describingsmall crack behaviour.- References.- 10 Probabilistic fatigue crack growth.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Background.- 10.3 Experimental observations.- 10.4 A probabilistic crack growth model.- 10.5 Comparison with crack growth data.- 10.6 The effect of variable amplitude loading.- 10.7 A practical example.- References.
1 Some general concepts concerning fatigue.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Types of loading.- 1.3 Fatigue failure mechanisms.- 1.4 Factors affecting fatigue life.- 1.5 Fatigue design methodology.- 1.6 Probabilistic approach.- References.- 2 Cyclic stress-strain response.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Monotonic behaviour under tension or compression.- 2.3 Material response to cyclic deformation or loading - transient behaviour.- 2.4 Stable cyclic response.- 2.5 Analysis of hysteresis loops.- 2.6 Description of the master curve.- 2.7 Slope of the stress-strain curve during load reversal.- 2.8 Effect of temperature on the cyclic stress-strain relationship.- 2.9 Effect of environment on the stable cyclic stress-strain relationship.- 2.10 Effect of rate of loading on the stable cyclic response.- 2.11 Cyclic stress-strain relationship for multiaxial stress states - proportional loading paths.- References.- 3 Phenomenological approach to fatigue life prediction under uniaxial loading.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Stress-based approach.- 3.3 Strain-based approach.- 3.4 Energy-based approach.- 3.5 Cumulative damage.- 3.6 Time-dependent fatigue.- 3.7 A mechanism-based damage function for time-dependent fatigue.- 3.8 Effect of environment on crack initiation and fatigue life.- 3.9 Effect of mean stress and ratcheting strain on fatigue life.- References.- 4 Fatigue failure under multiaxial states of stress.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Previous investigations.- 4.3 A general approach to multiaxial fatigue.- 4.4 The multiaxial fatigue failure criterion.- 4.5 Multiaxial fatigue life prediction.- 4.6 Effect of mean-stress - proportional loading.- 4.7 Non-proportional cyclic loading.- 4.8 Effects of mean stress and ratcheting deformation.- References.- 5 Multiaxial experimental facilities.- 5.1Introduction.- 5.2 Specimen geometry.- 5.3 Analysis of thin-walled cylindrical specimens.- 5.4 The test system.- 5.5 Measuring devices.- 5.6 Test procedure.- 5.7 Typical multiaxial test results.- 5.8 Other test facilities.- References.- 6 Constitutive laws for transient and stable behaviour of inelastic solids.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Requirements for a constitutive model.- 6.3 Experimental definition of yield point and yield loci.- 6.4 Experimental observations.- 6.5 A constitutive model for transient non-proportional plasticity - rate-independent behaviour.- 6.6 Correlation with some experimental results.- 6.7 Extension to rate-dependent behaviour.- 6.8 Correlation with some rate-dependent experimental observations.- 6.9 A constitutive model for creep deformation including prior plastic strain effects.- 6.10 Concluding remarks.- References.- 7 Fatigue crack growth.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Linear elastic fracture mechanics.- 7.3 Nonlinear fracture mechanics.- 7.4 The concept of small-scale yielding.- 7.5 Initiation of crack growth.- 7.6 Mechanics of fatigue crack growth.- 7.7 A low-cycle fatigue-based crack propagation model.- 7.8 The crack closure phenomenon.- 7.9 Crack closure models.- 7.10 Time-dependent crack growth - temperature effects.- 7.11 Time-dependent crack growth - environmental effects.- References.- 8 Fatigue of notched members.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Notch analysis.- 8.3 Life to crack initiation.- 8.4 Growth of cracks initiated from notches.- 8.5 Initiation and growth of cracks from notches subject to far-field cyclic compressive load.- References.- 9 Growth and behaviour of small cracks.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Small crack regimes.- 9.3 Mechanisms of small crack growth.- 9.4 Experimental data on small crack behaviour.- 9.5 Models describingsmall crack behaviour.- References.- 10 Probabilistic fatigue crack growth.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Background.- 10.3 Experimental observations.- 10.4 A probabilistic crack growth model.- 10.5 Comparison with crack growth data.- 10.6 The effect of variable amplitude loading.- 10.7 A practical example.- References.
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