Kevin T. Pickering, Richard N. Hiscott

Deep Marine Systems

Processes, Deposits, Environments, Tectonics and Sedimentation

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Deep-water (below wave base) processes, although generally hidden from view, shape the sedimentary record of more than 65% of the Earth's surface, including large parts of ancient mountain belts. This book aims to inform advanced-level undergraduate and postgraduate students, and professional Earth scientists with interests in physical oceanography and hydrocarbon exploration and production, about many of the important physical aspects of deep-water (mainly deep-marine) systems. The authors consider transport and deposition in the deep sea, trace-fossil assemblages, and facies stacking patterns as an archive of the underlying controls on deposit architecture (e.g., seismicity, climate change, autocyclicity). Topics include modern and ancient deep-water sedimentary environments, tectonic settings, and how basinal and extra-basinal processes generate the typical characteristics of basin slopes, submarine canyons, contourite mounds and drifts, submarine fans, basin floors and abyssal plains.

Produktdetails

• Wiley Works
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 672
• Erscheinungstermin: 9. November 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 279mm x 218mm x 33mm
• Gewicht: 2074g
• ISBN-13: 9781118865491
• ISBN-10: 1118865499
• Artikelnr.: 41390143

Autorenporträt

Kevin T. Pickering is Professor of Sedimentology & Stratigraphy in the Department of Earth Sciences at University College London, U.K. He has published 140 peer-reviewed papers, co-authored 6 books and edited 3 books on aspects of deep-water sediments and global environmental issues. He managed the industry-sponsored Ainsa Project, an integrated outcrop-subsurface drilling project to understand deep-marine channels in the Spanish Pyrenees, and has sailed on four international scientific drilling expeditions (DSDP, ODP, IODP). In 2010, in recognition of his research, Pickering was elected as a Fellow of the Geological Society of America. Richard N. Hiscott is an Emeritus Professor at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. His 40 years of process-oriented research covers ancient deep-sea to alluvial facies of Proterozoic to Cretaceous age, four Ocean Drilling Program campaigns including Amazon submarine fan, Quaternary sedimentology of the Labrador Sea, Santa Monica Basin, and the Black Sea region including dynamics of the saline gravity current that enters the low-salinity Black Sea through the Bosphorus Strait.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi About the companion website xiii Part 1 Process and product 1 1
Physical and biological processes 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Shelf-edge
processes 5 1.2.1 High-level escape of mud from the shelf 5 1.2.2 Currents
in submarine canyons 7 1.2.3 Internal waves 9 1.2.4 Sediment slides and
mass transport complexes (MTCs) 10 1.3 Deep, thermohaline, clear-water
currents 12 1.4 Density currents and sediment gravity flows 16 1.4.1
Classification 17 1.4.2 Transformations between flow types 21 1.5 Turbidity
currents and turbidites 23 1.5.1 Definition and equations of flow 23 1.5.2
Natural variations and triggering processes 27 1.5.3 Supercritical flow of
turbidity currents 32 1.5.4 Autosuspension in turbidity currents 33 1.5.5
Effects of obstacles in the flow path 33 1.5.6 Turbidites 34 1.5.7
Cross-stratification in turbidites 36 1.5.8 Antidunes in turbidites 37
1.5.9 Turbidites from low-concentration flows 38 1.5.10 Downcurrent grain
size-bed thickness trends in turbidites 40 1.5.11 Time scales for turbidite
deposition 40 1.6 Concentrated density flows and their deposits 42 1.6.1
Deposits from concentrated density flows 42 1.6.2 Large mud clasts in
concentrated density-flow deposits 44 1.7 Inflated sandflows and their
deposits 45 1.7.1 Deposits of inflated sandflows 45 1.8 Cohesive flows and
their deposits 46 1.8.1 Definitions and equations of flow 46 1.8.2
Turbulence of cohesive flows 48 1.8.3 Competence of cohesive flows 49 1.8.4
Deposits of cohesive flows, including debrites 49 1.8.5 Submarine versus
subaerial cohesive flows 52 1.9 Accumulation of biogenic skeletons and
organic matter 52 1.9.1 Environmental information from biogenic skeletons
55 2 Sediments (facies) 59 2.1 Introduction 60 2.2 Facies classifications
60 2.2.1 Seismic facies 62 2.2.2 The Pickering et al. classification scheme
62 2.3 Facies Class A: Gravels, muddy gravels, gravelly muds, pebbly
sands, >=5% gravel grade 65 2.3.1 Facies Group A1: Disorganised gravels,
muddy gravels, gravelly muds and pebbly sands 66 2.3.2 Facies Group A2:
Organised gravels and pebbly sands 69 2.4 Facies Class B: Sands, >80% sand
grade, 2.4.1 Facies Group B1: Disorganised sands 76 2.4.2 Facies Group B2:
Organised sands 77 2.5 Facies Class C: Sand-mud couplets and muddy sands,
20-80% sand grade, 2.5.1 Facies Group C1: Disorganised muddy sands 79 2.5.2
Facies Group C2: Organised sand-mud couplets 82 2.6 Facies Class D: Silts,
silty muds, and silt-mud couplets, >80% mud, >=40% silt, 0-20% sand 85
2.6.1 Facies Group D1: Disorganised silts and silty muds 85 2.6.2 Facies
Group D2: Organised silts and muddy silts 87 2.7 Facies Class E: >=95% mud
grade, 2.7.1 Facies Group E1: Disorganised muds and clays 90 2.7.2 Facies
Group E2: Organised muds 94 2.8 Facies Class F: Chaotic deposits 98 2.8.1
Facies Group F1: Exotic clasts 98 2.8.2 Facies Group F2:
Contorted/disturbed strata 99 2.9 Facies Class G: Biogenic oozes (>75%
biogenics), muddy oozes (50-75% biogenics), biogenic muds (25-50%
biogenics) and chemogenic sediments, 2.9.1 Facies Group G1: Biogenic oozes
and muddy oozes 102 2.9.2 Facies Group G2: Biogenic mud 104 2.10 Injectites
(clastic dykes and sills) (Figs 2.46-2.50) 105 2.11 Facies associations 111
3 Deep-water ichnology 112 3.1 Introduction 112 3.2 General principles of
ichnology 113 3.2.1 Preservational classification of trace fossils 113
3.2.2 Ethological classification of trace fossils 114 3.2.3 Taxonomic
classification of common deep-water trace fossils 115 3.3 Colonisation of
SGF deposits: Opportunistic and equilibrium ecology 122 3.4 Ichnofacies 125
3.5 Ichnofabrics 127 3.6 Trace fossils in core 128 3.7 Case study I: Trace
fossils as diagnostic indicators of deep-marine environments, Middle Eocene
Ainsa-Jaca basins, Spanish Pyrenees 129 3.7.1 Introduction 129 3.7.2 Study
area: Ainsa-Jaca basins 129 3.7.3 Trace-fossil distributions 129 3.7.4
Interpretation 129 3.8 Case study II: Subsurface ichnological
characterisation of the Middle Eocene Ainsa deep-marine system, Spanish
Pyrenees 130 3.8.1 Introduction 130 3.8.2 Trace-fossil distributions and
ichnofabrics in the Ainsa System, Ainsa Basin, Spanish Pyrenees 130 3.8.3
Interpretation 132 3.9 Summary of ichnology studies in deep-water systems
134 3.10 Concluding remarks 134 4 Time-space integration 136 4.1
Introduction 136 4.2 Submarine fan growth phases and sequence stratigraphy
144 4.2.1 Early models for fan development and relative base-level change
144 4.2.2 California Borderland submarine fans and base-level change 149
4.2.3 Recent studies of ancient submarine fans and inferred base-level
changes 151 4.3 Tectono-thermal/glacio-eustatic controls at evolving
passive continental margins 153 4.4 Eustatic sea-level changes at active
plate margins 154 4.5 Changing relative base level and sediment delivery
processes 160 4.6 Autocyclic processes 164 4.6.1 Autocyclicity in submarine
channels 164 4.6.2 Fill-and-spill model for slope basins 167 4.6.3
Autocyclicity in fan deltas 170 4.7 Palaeo-seismicity and the stratigraphic
record 171 4.8 Deconvolving tectonic and climatic controls on depositional
sequences in tectonically active basins: Case study from the Eocene,
Spanish Pyrenees 171 4.9 Problems in determining controls on sediment
delivery 183 4.10 Carbonate versus siliciclastic systems 191 4.11 Computer
simulations of deep-water stratigraphy 193 4.12 Laboratory simulations of
deep-water stratigraphy 193 4.13 Supercritical versus subcritical fans 194
4.14 Hierarchical classification of depositional units 195 4.15 Concluding
comments 196 5 Statistical properties of sediment gravity flow (SGF)
deposits 200 5.1 Introduction 200 5.2 Cloridorme Formation, Middle
Ordovician, Québec 205 5.3 Vertical trends 218 5.3.1 Tests for randomness
223 5.3.2 Correlation tests to identify asymmetric trends 224 5.3.3
Realisation that asymmetric trends can be formed, at low probability, by
random processes 227 5.3.4 Asymmetric trends in the grain size of SGF
deposits 230 Part 2 Systems 237 6 Sediment drifts and abyssal sediment
waves 239 6.1 Introduction 239 6.2 Distribution and character of
contourites and sediment drifts, North Atlantic Ocean 241 6.2.1 Broad
sheeted drifts 243 6.2.2 Elongate drifts 245 6.2.3 Sediment waves 245 6.2.4
Thin contourite sheets 249 6.2.5 Other abyssal current-generated structures
249 6.3 Facies of muddy and sandy contourites 251 6.4 Seismic facies of
contourites 255 6.5 The debate concerning bottom-current reworking of sandy
fan sediments 255 6.6 Ancient contourites 257 6.6.1 Talme Yafe Formation
258 6.7 Facies model for sediment drifts 260 7 Submarine fans and related
depositional systems: modern 262 7.1 Introduction 262 7.2 Major controls on
submarine fans 266 7.2.1 Sediment type 266 7.2.2 Tectonic setting and
activity 266 7.2.3 Sea-level fluctuations 267 7.3 Submarine canyons 274
7.3.1 Shifting locus of coarse-grained clastic input 277 7.4 Architectural
elements of submarine-fan systems 277 7.4.1 Channels and channel-levée
systems 280 7.4.2 Waveforms (sediment waves) 290 7.4.3 Lobes 294 7.4.4
Sheets 298 7.4.5 Scours and megaflutes 299 7.4.6 Mass-transport complexes
302 7.5 The distribution of architectural elements in modern submarine fans
303 7.6 Modern non-fan dispersal systems 303 7.7 Concluding remarks 307 8
Submarine fans and related depositional systems: ancient 309 8.1
Introduction 309 8.2 Ancient submarine canyons 311 8.3 Ancient submarine
channels 313 8.3.1 Channel scale, architecture and stacking patterns 313
8.3.2 Channel stacking 329 8.3.3 Case study: Milliners Arm Formation,
NewWorld Island, Newfoundland 333 8.3.4 Levées 341 8.3.5 Lateral accretion
deposits (LAPs) 347 8.3.6 Post-depositional modification of channel fills
354 8.4 Comparing modern and ancient channels 355 8.5 Ancient lobe,
lobe-fringe, fan-fringe and distal basin-floor deposits 357 8.6 Seafloor
topography and onlaps 369 8.7 Scours 377 8.8 Basin-floor sheet-like systems
382 8.9 Prodeltaic clastic ramps 387 8.10 Concluding remarks 393 Part 3
Plate tectonics and sedimentation 403 9 Evolving and mature extensional
systems 405 9.1 Introduction 406 9.2 Models for lithospheric extension 408
9.3 Subsidence and deep-water facies of rifts and young passive margins 410
9.4 The post-breakup architecture of passive margins 413 9.4.1 Passive
margins outboard of major deltas 415 9.4.2 Passive margins underlain by
mobile salt 415 9.4.3 Slope apron of the northwest African margin 416 9.4.4
Passive margins swept by bottom currents 417 9.4.5 Glaciated passive
margins 421 9.4.6 Carbonate platforms and ramps 425 9.5 Failed rift systems
428 9.6 Fragments of ancient passive margins 429 9.7 Concluding remarks 430
10 Subduction margins 433 10.1 Introduction 433 10.2 Modern subduction
factories 435 10.2.1 Forearcs 435 10.2.2 Trench sedimentation 437 10.2.3
Accretionary prisms 443 10.2.4 Role of seamounts in subduction factory 449
10.2.5 Very oblique convergence and strike-slip in subduction factory 453
10.2.6 Preservation and recognition of trench stratigraphy 459 10.2.7
Forearc basins/slope basins 459 10.2.8 Fluid flow and plumbing in forearc
settings 467 10.3 Arc-arc collision zones 474 10.4 Forearc summary model
482 10.5 Marginal/backarc basins 483 10.6 Ancient convergent-margin systems
488 10.7 Forearc/backarc cycles 493 10.8 Concluding remarks 493 11 Foreland
basins 497 11.1 Introduction 498 11.2 Modern foreland basins 499 11.2.1
Neogene-Quaternary Taiwan 499 11.2.2 Neogene Quaternary Southern Banda Arc
502 11.3 Ancient deep-marine foreland basins 506 11.3.1 Permo-Triassic
Karoo foreland basin, South Africa 507 11.3.2 Oligocene-Miocene foreland
basin, Italian Apennines 509 11.3.3 Lower Palaeozoic foreland basin, Quebec
Appalachians 513 11.3.4 South Pyrenean foreland basin and
thrust-top/piggyback basins 515 11.4 Concluding remarks 523 12 Strike-slip
continental margin basins 528 12.1 Introduction 528 12.2 Kinematic models
for strike-slip basins 529 12.3 Suspect terranes 529 12.4 Depositional
models for strike-slip basins 532 12.5 Modern strike-slip mobile zones 537
12.5.1 Californian continental margin 541 12.5.2 Gulf of California
transtensional ocean basin 555 12.6 Ancient deep-marine oblique-slip mobile
zones 557 12.6.1 Mesozoic Pyrenees 560 12.6.2 Lower Palaeozoic north
central Newfoundland and Britain 562 12.7 Concluding remarks 566 References
573 Index 647