Martin Bajus

Petrochemistry (eBook, PDF)

Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

A comprehensive textbook on petrochemical conversion processes for petroleum and natural gas fractions as produced by refinery operations This innovative textbook provides essential links between the chemical sciences and chemical technology, between petrochemistry and hydrocarbon technology. The book brings alive key concepts forming the basis of chemical technology and presents a solid background for innovative process development. In all chapters, the processes described are accompanied by simplified flow schemes, encouraging students to think in terms of conceptual process designs. Petrochemistry: Petrochemical Processing, Hydrocarbon Technology and Green Engineering introduces students to a variety of topics related to the petrochemical industry, hydrocarbon processing, fossil fuel resources, as well as fuels and chemicals conversion. The first chapter covers the fundamentals and principals for designing several of the processes in the book, including discussions on thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, reactor calculations, and industrial catalysts. The following chapters address recent advances in hydrocarbon technology, energy technology, and sources of hydrocarbons. The book then goes on to discuss the petrochemical industry based on four basic pillars, all derived from petroleum and natural gas: * Production of lower alkenes; other sources of lower alkenes; petrochemicals from C2-C3 alkenes * Production of BTX aromatics; chemicals from BTX aromatics * C1 technology * Diversification of petrochemicals The growing importance of sustainable technology, process intensification and addressing greenhouse gas emissions is reflected throughout the book. Written for advanced students working in the areas of petrochemistry, hydrocarbon technology, natural gas, energy materials and technologies, alternative fuels, and recycling technologies the book is also a valuable reference for industrial practitioners in the oil and gas industry.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 336
• Erscheinungstermin: 24. Dezember 2019
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781119647805
• Artikelnr.: 58582288

Autorenporträt

MARTIN BAJUS, Professor of Chemical Technology at Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Prof. Bajus is a leading expert in refinery, petrochemical, energy and recycling technologies, and founder of the Bratislava School of Pyrolysis at the Slovak University of Technology.

Inhaltsangabe

About the Book xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xix

General Literature xxi

Nomenclature xxv

Abbreviations and Acronyms xxvii

1 Chemical Technology 1

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Chemical Engineering 5

1.2.1 Conservation of Mass 7

1.2.2 Conservation of Energy 7

1.2.3 Conservation of Momentum 8

1.2.4 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 8

1.2.5 Chemical Kinetics 11

1.2.5.1 Reaction Rate: Activation Energy 11

1.2.6 Reactors 12

1.2.6.1 Conversion, Selectivity, and Yields 12

1.2.6.2 Continuous Tubular Reactor 13

1.2.6.3 The Reaction Order 15

1.2.6.4 Rate Constant 15

1.2.7 Industrial Catalysts 16

1.2.7.1 The Place of Catalytic Processes in Hydrocarbon Technology 16

1.2.7.2 Homogeneous Catalysts 16

1.2.7.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts 18

1.2.7.4 Classifying Catalysts 19

1.2.8 Conversion of Hydrocarbons: Active Intermediate Forms 21

1.2.8.1 Carbocations 21

1.2.8.2 Radicals 23

1.2.8.3 Initiated Decomposition 26

1.3 Potential Steps Toward Greener Chemical Technology 28

1.3.1 Maturity 29

1.3.2 Participation in International Trade 29

1.3.3 Competition from Developing Countries 30

1.3.4 Capital Intensity and Economies of Scale 31

1.3.5 Criticality and Pervasiveness 32

1.3.6 Freedom of Market Entry 33

1.3.7 Stringent Requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA) 34

1.3.8 High R&D for Ecologically Oriented Projects 34

1.3.9 Dislocations and Environmental Impacts 38

1.3.10 Feedstock Recycling 40

1.4 The Top Chemical Companies 41

1.5 The Top Chemicals 43

Further Reading 45

2 Current Trends in Green Hydrocarbon Technology 47

2.1 Introduction 47

2.2 Eco-Friendly Catalysts 48

2.3 Hydrogen 50

2.4 Alternative Feedstocks 51

2.5 Alternative Technologies 53

2.6 Feedstock Recycling 54

2.7 Functionalization of Hydrocarbons 55

2.7.1 Partial Oxidation of Methane 55

2.8 Biorefining 56

Further Reading 56

3 Clean Energy Technology 59

3.1 Rational Use of Energy 59

3.2 The Problem of Energy in Chemical Technology 62

3.2.1 The Basics of Energy Management to Improve Economic Budgeting 63

3.2.2 Types of Energy and Energy Sources for Chemical Technology 63

3.3 Waste Fuel Utilization 65

3.3.1 Electricity 65

3.3.2 Energy Efficiency Improvements 65

3.3.3 Energy and the Environment 66

3.3.3.1 Carbon and Greenhouse Emissions 66

3.3.3.2 Formation of Particulate Matter 67

3.3.3.3 CO2 Emissions 68

3.4 Energy Technology 70

3.4.1 Thermodynamics 70

3.4.2 Power Recovery in Other Systems 71

3.4.3 Heat Recovery, Energy Balances, and Heat-Exchange Networks 71

3.4.4 Waste-Heat Boilers 72

3.4.5 Product-to-Feed Heat Interchange 73

3.4.6 Combustion Air Preheat 73

3.4.7 Heat Pumps 74

3.5 Energy Accounting 75

Further Reading 77

4 Sources of Hydrocarbons 79

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 Natural Gas 81

4.2.1 Definitions and Terminology 82

4.2.2 Origin 83

4.2.3 Occurrence 84

4.2.4 Reserves 84

4.2.5 Recovery 84

4.2.6 Storage 85

4.3 Petroleum or Crude Oil 85

4.4 Coal and Its Liquefaction 88

4.5 Shale Gas