Jorge Ancheyta

Deactivation of Heavy Oil Hydroprocessing Catalysts (eBook, PDF)

Fundamentals and Modeling

• Format: PDF

Produktbeschreibung

Written by a scientist and researcher with more than 25 years of experience in the field, this serves as a complete guide to catalyst activity loss during the hydroprocessing of heavy oils. * Explores the physical and chemical properties of heavy oils and hydroprocessing catalysts; the mechanisms of catalyst deactivation; catalyst characterization by a variety of techniques and reaction conditions; laboratory and commercial information for model validations; and more * Demonstrates how to develop correlations and models for a variety of reaction scales with step-by-step descriptions and detailed experimental data * Contains important implications for increasing operational efficiencies within the petroleum industry * An essential reference for professionals and researchers working in the refining industry as well as students taking courses on chemical reaction engineering

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: John Wiley & Sons
• Seitenzahl: 336
• Erscheinungstermin: 25. Juli 2016
• Englisch
• ISBN-13: 9781118769911
• Artikelnr.: 45532091

Autorenporträt

Jorge Ancheyta is Manager of Products for the Transformation of Crude Oil at the Mexican Institute of Petroleum (IMP), where he has worked since 1989. His work centers on the development and application of petroleum refining catalysts, kinetic and reactor models, and process technologies mainly in catalytic cracking, catalytic reforming, middle distillate hydrotreating and heavy oils upgrading. He has been awarded the National Researcher Highest Distinction by the Mexican government and is a member of the Mexican Academy of Science. He is the author of five other books, incuding Modeling and Simulation of Catalytic Reactors for Petroleum Refining (Wiley, 2011). He has also been guest editor of various international journals.

Inhaltsangabe

About the Author xi Preface xiii Nomenclature xvii 1 Properties of Heavy
Oils 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Refining of Petroleum 3 1.2.1 Desalting 4
1.2.2 Atmospheric or Primary Distillation 4 1.2.3 Vacuum or Secondary
Distillation 5 1.2.4 Solvent Extraction and Dewaxing 5 1.2.5 Deasphalting 6
1.2.6 Gas and Liquid Sweetening 6 1.2.7 Sour Water Treatment 7 1.2.8
Catalytic Reforming 7 1.2.9 Isomerization 7 1.2.10 Alkylation 8 1.2.11
Polymerization 8 1.2.12 Catalytic Hydrotreating 8 1.2.13 Fluid Catalytic
Cracking 9 1.2.14 Gasification 9 1.2.15 Coking 10 1.2.16 Visbreaking 11
1.2.17 Residue Fluid Catalytic Cracking (RFCC) 12 1.2.18 Hydrovisbreaking
Process 12 1.2.19 Fixed-Bed Hydroprocessing 13 1.2.20 Moving-Bed
Hydroprocessing 13 1.2.21 Ebullated-Bed Hydroprocessing 14 1.2.22
Slurry-Bed Hydroprocessing 14 1.3 Properties of Heavy Petroleum 14 1.3.1
Physical and Chemical Properties 14 1.3.2 Asphaltenes 15 1.3.3 Tendency to
Coke Formation 18 1.3.4 Viscosity of Crude Oils and Blends 19 1.3.5
Stability and Compatibility 25 1.4 Assay of Petroleum 28 References 29 2
Properties of Catalysts for Heavy Oil Hydroprocessing 31 2.1 Introduction
31 2.2 Hydroprocessing Catalyst 34 2.2.1 Catalyst Support 34 2.2.2 Chemical
Composition 36 2.2.3 Shape and Size 37 2.2.4 Pore Size Distribution 39
2.2.5 Mechanical Properties 40 2.2.6 Active Metals 41 2.3 Characterization
of Catalysts 43 2.3.1 Activity 43 2.3.2 Textural Properties 44 2.3.3
Surface Properties 45 2.4 General Aspects for Developing Catalysts for
Hydroprocessing of Heavy Crude 49 2.4.1 Preparation of Supports 49 2.4.2
Preparation of Catalysts 52 2.4.3 Characterization of Catalysts 53 2.5
Catalyst for Maya Crude Oil Hydroprocessing 54 2.5.1 Composition of Maya
Crude Oil 55 2.5.2 Catalyst Loading and Pretreatment 56 2.5.3 Feedstocks
and Characterization Techniques 56 2.5.4 Active Sites and Catalytic
Activity 58 2.5.5 Experiments with Naphtha Diluted Feedstock 59 2.5.6
Experiments with Diesel Diluted Feedstock 63 2.5.7 Experiments with Pure
Maya Crude Oil 66 2.5.8 Characterization of Spent Catalysts 68 2.5.9 Final
Comments 77 2.6 Concluding Remarks 78 References 79 3 Deactivation of
Hydroprocessing Catalysts 89 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Hydroprocessing of
Heavy Oils 90 3.2.1 General Aspects 90 3.2.2 Reactors for Hydroprocessing
92 3.2.3 Process Variables 102 3.2.4 Effect of Reaction Conditions on
Catalyst Deactivation 105 3.3 Mechanisms of Catalyst Deactivation 106 3.4
Asphaltenes and Their Effect on Catalyst Deactivation 114 3.4.1 Thermal
Reaction 114 3.4.2 Catalytic Reaction 117 References 122 4 Characterization
of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalyst 127 4.1 Introduction 127 4.2
Characterization Techniques 128 4.2.1 Temperature Programmed Oxidation
(TPO) 128 4.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 129 4.2.3 Raman Spectrometry 131
4.2.4 SEM-EDX Analysis 131 4.2.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 134 4.3
Early Deactivation of Different Supported CoMo Catalysts 138 4.3.1
Experimental Procedure 138 4.3.2 Results and Discussion 142 4.3.3
Conclusions 150 4.4 Carbon and Metal Deposition During the Hydroprocessing
of Maya Crude Oil 150 4.4.1 Preparation, Evaluation, and Characterization
of Catalyst 150 4.4.2 Catalyst Characterization 151 4.4.3 Results and
Discussion 152 4.4.4 Conclusions 164 4.5 Characterization Study of
NiMo/SiO2-Al2O3 Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts for Heavy Oils 164 4.5.1
Samples of Spent Catalysts 164 4.5.2 Catalyst Characterization 165 4.5.3
Results and Discussion 166 4.5.4 Conclusions 172 4.6 Characterization of
Spent Catalysts Along a Bench-Scale Reactor 173 4.6.1 Experimental
Procedure 173 4.6.2 Results 175 4.6.3 Discussion 187 4.6.4 Conclusions 191
4.7 Hydrodesulfurization Activity of Used Hydrotreating Catalysts 192 4.7.1
Experimental Procedure 192 4.7.2 Results and Discussion 194 4.7.3
Conclusions 203 References 203 5 Modeling Catalyst Deactivation 207 5.1
Introduction 207 5.2 Effect of Reactor Configuration on the Cycle Length of
Heavy Oil Fixed-Bed Hydroprocessing 216 5.2.1 Experimental Procedure 216
5.2.2 Modeling Approach 218 5.2.3 Results and Discussion 224 5.2.4
Conclusions 232 5.3 Effect of Different Heavy Feedstocks on the
Deactivation of a Commercial Catalyst 232 5.3.1 Experimental Procedure 232
5.3.2 Results and Discussion 234 5.3.3 Conclusions 240 5.4 Modeling the
Deactivation by Metal Deposition of Heavy Oil Hydrotreating Catalyst 240
5.4.1 The Model 240 5.4.2 Experimental Procedure 245 5.4.3 Results and
Discussion 245 5.4.4 Conclusions 251 5.5 Kinetic Model for Hydrocracking of
Heavy Oil in a CSTR Involving Short-Term Catalyst Deactivation 252 5.5.1
Experimental Procedure 252 5.5.2 Results and Discussion 253 5.5.3
Conclusions 259 5.6 Modeling the Kinetics of Parallel Thermal and Catalytic
Hydrotreating of Heavy Oil 260 5.6.1 The Model 260 5.6.2 Experimental
Procedure 264 5.6.3 Results and Discussion 265 5.6.4 Conclusions 271 5.7
Modeling Catalyst Deactivation During Hydrocracking of Atmospheric Residue
by Using the Continuous Kinetic Lumping Model 272 5.7.1 The Model 272 5.7.2
Experimental Procedure 277 5.7.3 Results and Discussion 278 5.7.4
Conclusions 285 5.8 Application of a Three-Stage Approach for Modeling the
Complete Period of Catalyst Deactivation During Hydrotreating of Heavy Oil
287 5.8.1 Deactivation Model 287 5.8.2 Experimental Procedure 292 5.8.3
Results and Discussion 292 5.8.4 Conclusions 298 References 298 Index 303