Martin Abbott, Michael Fisher

The Art of Scalability

Scalable Web Architecture, Processes, and Organizations for the Modern Enterprise

• Broschiertes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

A Comprehensive, Proven Approach to IT Scalability from Two Veteran Software, Technology, and Business Executives

In this second edition of The Art of Scalability, AKF Partners cofounders Martin L. Abbott and Michael T. Fisher cover everything product, technology and business leaders must know to build products that can scale smoothly to meet any business requirement. Drawing on their unparalleled experience managing some of the world’s highest-transaction-volume Web sites, the authors provide detailed models and best-practice approaches available in no other book.

Unlike previous books on scalability, The Art of Scalability doesn’t limit its coverage to technology. Writing for both technical and nontechnical decision-makers, this book covers everything that impacts scalability, including architecture, processes, people, and organizations. This second edition has been edited to improve readability and includes new and updated content, a new chapter on Agile architecture, and new case studies.

Throughout, the authors address a broad spectrum of real-world challenges, from performance testing to IT governance. Using their tools and guidance, organizations can systematically overcome obstacles to scalability and achieve unprecedented levels of technical and business performance.

New and Updated Coverage includes

· Staffing the scalable organization: essential organizational, management, and leadership skills for technical leaderswith a special focus on how to build truly Agile organizations.

· How to organize teams to maximize innovation and reduce value destroying team conflict.

· Building processes for scale: process lessons from hyper-growth companies, from technical issue resolution to crisis management

· How to manage risk and how to create effective change management in the age of continuous deployment.

· Architecting scalable solutions: powerful proprietary models for identifying scalability needs and choosing the best approaches to meet them

· How to practice “Agile” Architecture

· Optimizing performance through caching, application and database splitting, and asynchronous design

· New and updated scalability techniques for emerging technologies, including clouds and grids

· Planning for rapid data growth and new data centers

· Evolving monitoring strategies to tightly align with customer requirements

Product Description
The Comprehensive, Proven Approach to IT Scalability–Updated with New Strategies, Technologies, and Case Studies

In The Art of Scalability, Second Edition, leading scalability consultants Martin L. Abbott and Michael T. Fisher cover everything you need to know to smoothly scale products and services for any requirement. This extensively revised edition reflects new technologies, strategies, and lessons, as well as new case studies from the authors’ pioneering consulting practice, AKF Partners.

Writing for technical and nontechnical decision-makers, Abbott and Fisher cover everything that impacts scalability, including architecture, process, people, organization, and technology. Their insights and recommendations reflect more than thirty years of experience at companies ranging from eBay to Visa, and Salesforce.com to Apple.

You’ll find updated strategies for structuring organizations to maximize agility and scalability, as well as new insights into the cloud (IaaS/PaaS) transition, NoSQL, DevOps, business metrics, and more. Using this guide’s tools and advice, you can systematically clear away obstacles to scalability–and achieve unprecedented IT and business performance.

Coverage includes

• Why scalability problems start with organizations and people, not technology, and what to do about it

• Actionable lessons from real successes and failures

• Staffing, structuring, and leading the agile, scalable organization

• Scaling processes for hyper-growth environments

• Architecting scalability: proprietary models for clarifying needs and making choices–including 15 key success principles

• Emerging technologies and challenges: data cost, datacenter planning, cloud evolution, and customer-aligned monitoring

• Measuring availability, capacity, load, and performance

Features + Benefits

Goes beyond covering just technology to address every issue that matters

Provides detailed models and proven approaches available in no other book

Includes indispensable metrics, complete with actual calculations

Includes supplemental PowerPoint slides and exercises for classroom use

Foreword xxiii

Acknowledgments xxvii

About the Authors xxix

Introduction 1

Part I: Staffing a Scalable Organization 7

Chapter 1: The Impact of People and Leadership on Scalability 9

The Case Method 9

Why People? 10

Why Organizations? 11

Why Management and Leadership? 17

Conclusion 19

Chapter 2: Roles for the Scalable Technology Organization 21

The Effects of Failure 21

Defining Roles 23

Executive Responsibilities 25

Individual Contributor Responsibilities 30

A Tool for Defining Responsibilities 35

Conclusion 39

Chapter 3: Designing Organizations 41

Organizational Influences That Affect Scalability 41

Team Size 44

Organizational Structure 51

Conclusion 69

Chapter 4: Leadership 101 71

What Is Leadership? 72

Leadership: A Conceptual Model 74

Taking Stock of Who You Are 76

Leading from the Front 78

Checking Your Ego at the Door 79

Mission First, People Always 80

Making Timely, Sound, and Morally Correct Decisions 81

Empowering Teams and Scalability 82

Alignment with Shareholder Value 83

Transformational Leadership 84

Vision 84

Mission 87

Goals 89

Putting It All Together 90

The Causal Roadmap to Success 94

Conclusion 95

Chapter 5: Management 101 99

What Is Management? 100

Project and Task Management 102

Building Teams: A Sports Analogy 105

Upgrading Teams: A Garden Analogy 107

Measurement, Metrics, and Goal Evaluation 111

The Goal Tree 114

Paving the Path for Success 115

Conclusion 116

Chapter 6: Relationships, Mindset, and the Business Case 119

Understanding the Experiential Chasm 119

Defeating the IT Mindset 122

The Business Case for Scale 124

Conclusion 127

Part II: Building Processes for Scale 129

Chapter 7: Why Processes Are Critical to Scale 131

The Purpose of Process 132

Right Time, Right Process 135

When Good Processes Go Bad 139

Conclusion 140

Chapter 8: Managing Incidents and Problems 143

What Is an Incident? 144

What Is a Problem? 145

The Components of Incident Management 146

The Components of Problem Management 149

Resolving Conflicts Between Incident and Problem Management 150

Incident and Problem Life Cycles 150

Implementing the Daily Incident Meeting 152

Implementing the Quarterly Incident Review 153

The Postmortem Process 153

Putting It All Together 156

Conclusion 157

Chapter 9: Managing Crises and Escalations 159

What Is a Crisis? 160

Why Differentiate a Crisis from Any Other Incident? 161

How Crises Can Change a Company 162

Order Out of Chaos 163

Communications and Control 168

The War Room 169

Escalations 170

Status Communications 171

Crisis Postmortem and Communication 172

Conclusion 173

Chapter 10: Controlling Change in Production Environments 177

What Is a Change? 178

Change Identification 179

Change Management 180

The Change Control Meeting 191

Continuous Process Improvement 192

Conclusion 193

Chapter 11: Determining Headroom for Applications 197

Purpose of the Process 198

Structure of the Process 199

Ideal Usage Percentage 203

A Quick Example Using Spreadsheets 206

Conclusion 207

Chapter 12: Establishing Architectural Principles 209

Principles and Goals 209

Principle Selection 212

AKF’s Most Commonly Adopted Architectural Principles 214

Conclusion 222

Chapter 13: Joint Architecture Design and Architecture Review Board 225

Fixing Organizational Dysfunction 225

Designing for Scale Cross-Functionally 226

JAD Entry and Exit Criteria 228

From JAD to ARB 230

Conducting the Meeting 232

ARB Entry and Exit Criteria 234

Conclusion 236

Chapter 14: Agile Architecture Design 239

Architecture in Agile Organizations 240

Ownership of Architecture 241

Limited Resources 242

Standards 243

ARB in the Agile Organization 246

Conclusion 247

Chapter 15: Focus on Core Competencies: Build Versus Buy 249

Building Versus Buying, and Scalability 249

Focusing on Cost 250

Focusing on Strategy 251

“Not Built Here” Phenomenon 252

Merging Cost and Strategy 252

Does This Component Create Strategic Competitive Differentiation? 253

Are We the Best Owners of This Component or Asset? 253

What Is the Competition for This Component? 254

Can We Build This Component Cost-Effectively? 254

The Best Buy Decision Ever 255

Anatomy of a Build-It-Yourself Failure 256

Conclusion 258

Chapter 16: Determining Risk 259

Importance of Risk Management to Scale 259

Measuring Risk 261

Managing Risk 268

Conclusion 271

Chapter 17: Performance and Stress Testing 273

Performing Performance Testing 273

Don’t Stress over Stress Testing 281

Performance and Stress Testing for Scalability 287

Conclusion 288

Chapter 18: Barrier Conditions and Rollback 291

Barrier Conditions 291

Rollback Capabilities 297

Markdown Functionality: Design to Be Disabled 300

Conclusion 301

Chapter 19: Fast or Right? 303

Tradeoffs in Business 303

Relation to Scalability 306

How to Think About the Decision 307

Conclusion 311

Part III: Architecting Scalable Solutions 315

Chapter 20: Designing for Any Technology 317

An Implementation Is Not an Architecture 317

Technology-Agnostic Design 318

The TAD Approach 323

Conclusion 325

Chapter 21: Creating Fault-Isolative Architectural Structures 327

Fault-Isolative Architecture Terms 327

Benefits of Fault Isolation 329

How to Approach Fault Isolation 336

When to Implement Fault Isolation 339

How to Test Fault-Isolative Designs 341

Conclusion 341

Chapter 22: Introduction to the AKF Scale Cube 343

The AKF Scale Cube 343

The x-Axis of the Cube 344

The y-Axis of the Cube 346

The z-Axis of the Cube 349

Putting It All Together 350

When and Where to Use the Cube 352

Conclusion 353

Chapter 23: Splitting Applications for Scale 357

The AKF Scale Cube for Applications 357

The x-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 359

The y-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 361

The z-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 363

Putting It All Together 365

Practical Use of the Application Cube 367

Conclusion 371

Chapter 24: Splitting Databases for Scale 375

Applying the AKF Scale Cube to Databases 375

The x-Axis of the AKF Databa

---

In The Art of Scalability, Second Edition, leading scalability consultants Martin L. Abbott and Michael T. Fisher cover everything needed to smoothly scale products and services for any requirement. This extensively revised edition reflects new technologies, strategies, and lessons, as well as new case studies from the authors' pioneering consulting practice, AKF Partners.

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Pearson Education
• 2nd edition
• Seitenzahl: 624
• Erscheinungstermin: 3. Juni 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 231mm x 177mm x 46mm
• Gewicht: 999g
• ISBN-13: 9780134032801
• ISBN-10: 0134032802
• Artikelnr.: 42194612

Autorenporträt

Martin L. Abbott is a founding partner at the growth and scalability advisory firm AKF Partners. He was formerly chief operations officer at Quigo, an advertising technology startup sold to AOL, where he was responsible for product strategy, product management, technology development, and client services. Marty spent nearly six years at eBay, most recently as senior vice president of technology, chief technology officer, and member of the executive staff. Prior to his time at eBay, Marty held domestic and international engineering, management, and executive positions at Gateway and Motorola. He has served on the boards of directors of several private and public companies. Marty has a B.S. in computer science from the United States Military Academy, has an M.S. in computer engineering from the University of Florida, is a graduate of the Harvard Business School Executive Education Program, and has a Doctor of Management from Case Western Reserve University. Michael T. Fisher is a founding partner at the growth and scalability advisory firm AKF Partners. Prior to cofounding AKF Partners, Michael was the chief technology officer at Quigo, a startup Internet advertising company that was acquired by AOL in 2007. Before his time at Quigo, Michael served as vice president, engineering and architecture, for PayPal, Inc., an eBay company. Prior to joining PayPal, he spent seven years at General Electric helping to develop the company’s technology strategy and was a Six Sigma Master Black Belt. Michael served six years as a Captain and pilot in the U.S. Army. He received a Ph.D. and an MBA from Case Western Reserve University’s Weatherhead School of Management, an M.S. in information systems from Hawaii-Pacific University, and a B.S. in computer science from the United States Military Academy (West Point). Michael is an adjunct professor in the design and innovation department at Case Western Reserve University’s Weatherhead School of Management.

Inhaltsangabe

Foreword xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii
About the Authors xxix
Introduction 1
Part I: Staffing a Scalable Organization 7
Chapter 1: The Impact of People and Leadership on Scalability 9
The Case Method 9
Why People? 10
Why Organizations? 11
Why Management and Leadership? 17
Conclusion 19
Chapter 2: Roles for the Scalable Technology Organization 21
The Effects of Failure 21
Defining Roles 23
Executive Responsibilities 25
Individual Contributor Responsibilities 30
A Tool for Defining Responsibilities 35
Conclusion 39
Chapter 3: Designing Organizations 41
Organizational Influences That Affect Scalability 41
Team Size 44
Organizational Structure 51
Conclusion 69
Chapter 4: Leadership 101 71
What Is Leadership? 72
Leadership: A Conceptual Model 74
Taking Stock of Who You Are 76
Leading from the Front 78
Checking Your Ego at the Door 79
Mission First, People Always 80
Making Timely, Sound, and Morally Correct Decisions 81
Empowering Teams and Scalability 82
Alignment with Shareholder Value 83
Transformational Leadership 84
Vision 84
Mission 87
Goals 89
Putting It All Together 90
The Causal Roadmap to Success 94
Conclusion 95
Chapter 5: Management 101 99
What Is Management? 100
Project and Task Management 102
Building Teams: A Sports Analogy 105
Upgrading Teams: A Garden Analogy 107
Measurement, Metrics, and Goal Evaluation 111
The Goal Tree 114
Paving the Path for Success 115
Conclusion 116
Chapter 6: Relationships, Mindset, and the Business Case 119
Understanding the Experiential Chasm 119
Defeating the IT Mindset 122
The Business Case for Scale 124
Conclusion 127
Part II: Building Processes for Scale 129
Chapter 7: Why Processes Are Critical to Scale 131
The Purpose of Process 132
Right Time, Right Process 135
When Good Processes Go Bad 139
Conclusion 140
Chapter 8: Managing Incidents and Problems 143
What Is an Incident? 144
What Is a Problem? 145
The Components of Incident Management 146
The Components of Problem Management 149
Resolving Conflicts Between Incident and Problem Management 150
Incident and Problem Life Cycles 150
Implementing the Daily Incident Meeting 152
Implementing the Quarterly Incident Review 153
The Postmortem Process 153
Putting It All Together 156
Conclusion 157
Chapter 9: Managing Crises and Escalations 159
What Is a Crisis? 160
Why Differentiate a Crisis from Any Other Incident? 161
How Crises Can Change a Company 162
Order Out of Chaos 163
Communications and Control 168
The War Room 169
Escalations 170
Status Communications 171
Crisis Postmortem and Communication 172
Conclusion 173
Chapter 10: Controlling Change in Production Environments 177
What Is a Change? 178
Change Identification 179
Change Management 180
The Change Control Meeting 191
Continuous Process Improvement 192
Conclusion 193
Chapter 11: Determining Headroom for Applications 197
Purpose of the Process 198
Structure of the Process 199
Ideal Usage Percentage 203
A Quick Example Using Spreadsheets 206
Conclusion 207
Chapter 12: Establishing Architectural Principles 209
Principles and Goals 209
Principle Selection 212
AKF’s Most Commonly Adopted Architectural Principles 214
Conclusion 222
Chapter 13: Joint Architecture Design and Architecture Review Board 225
Fixing Organizational Dysfunction 225
Designing for Scale Cross-Functionally 226
JAD Entry and Exit Criteria 228
From JAD to ARB 230
Conducting the Meeting 232
ARB Entry and Exit Criteria 234
Conclusion 236
Chapter 14: Agile Architecture Design 239
Architecture in Agile Organizations 240
Ownership of Architecture 241
Limited Resources 242
Standards 243
ARB in the Agile Organization 246
Conclusion 247
Chapter 15: Focus on Core Competencies: Build Versus Buy 249
Building Versus Buying, and Scalability 249
Focusing on Cost 250
Focusing on Strategy 251
“Not Built Here” Phenomenon 252
Merging Cost and Strategy 252
Does This Component Create Strategic Competitive Differentiation? 253
Are We the Best Owners of This Component or Asset? 253
What Is the Competition for This Component? 254
Can We Build This Component Cost-Effectively? 254
The Best Buy Decision Ever 255
Anatomy of a Build-It-Yourself Failure 256
Conclusion 258
Chapter 16: Determining Risk 259
Importance of Risk Management to Scale 259
Measuring Risk 261
Managing Risk 268
Conclusion 271
Chapter 17: Performance and Stress Testing 273
Performing Performance Testing 273
Don’t Stress over Stress Testing 281
Performance and Stress Testing for Scalability 287
Conclusion 288
Chapter 18: Barrier Conditions and Rollback 291
Barrier Conditions 291
Rollback Capabilities 297
Markdown Functionality: Design to Be Disabled 300
Conclusion 301
Chapter 19: Fast or Right? 303
Tradeoffs in Business 303
Relation to Scalability 306
How to Think About the Decision 307
Conclusion 311
Part III: Architecting Scalable Solutions 315
Chapter 20: Designing for Any Technology 317
An Implementation Is Not an Architecture 317
Technology-Agnostic Design 318
The TAD Approach 323
Conclusion 325
Chapter 21: Creating Fault-Isolative Architectural Structures 327
Fault-Isolative Architecture Terms 327
Benefits of Fault Isolation 329
How to Approach Fault Isolation 336
When to Implement Fault Isolation 339
How to Test Fault-Isolative Designs 341
Conclusion 341
Chapter 22: Introduction to the AKF Scale Cube 343
The AKF Scale Cube 343
The x-Axis of the Cube 344
The y-Axis of the Cube 346
The z-Axis of the Cube 349
Putting It All Together 350
When and Where to Use the Cube 352
Conclusion 353
Chapter 23: Splitting Applications for Scale 357
The AKF Scale Cube for Applications 357
The x-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 359
The y-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 361
The z-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 363
Putting It All Together 365
Practical Use of the Application Cube 367
Conclusion 371
Chapter 24: Splitting Databases for Scale 375
Applying the AKF Scale Cube to Databases 375
The x-Axis of the AKF Database Scale Cube 376
The y-Axis of the AKF Database Scale Cube 381
The z-Axis of the AKF Database Scale Cube 383
Putting It All Together 385
Practical Use of the Database Cube 388
Conclusion 393
Chapter 25: Caching for Performance and Scale 395
Caching Defined 395
Object Caches 399
Application Caches 402
Content Delivery Networks 407
Conclusion 408
Chapter 26: Asynchronous Design for Scale 411
Synching Up on Synchronization 411
Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Calls 412
Defining State 418
Conclusion 422
Part IV: Solving Other Issues and Challenges 425
Chapter 27: Too Much Data 427
The Cost of Data 427
The Value of Data and the Cost-Value Dilemma 430
Making Data Profitable 431
Handling Large Amounts of Data 434
Conclusion 444
Chapter 28: Grid Computing 447
History of Grid Computing 447
Pros and Cons of Grids 449
Different Uses for Grid Computing 454
Conclusion 457
Chapter 29: Soaring in the Clouds 459
History and Definitions 460
Characteristics and Architecture of Clouds 463
Differences Between Clouds and Grids 467
Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing 468
Where Clouds Fit in Different Companies 476
Decision Process 478
Conclusion 481
Chapter 30: Making Applications Cloud Ready 485
The Scale Cube in a Cloud 485
Overcoming Challenges 487
Intuit Case Study 491
Conclusion 493
Chapter 31: Monitoring Applications 495
“Why Didn’t We Catch That Earlier?” 495
A Framework for Monitoring 496
Measuring Monitoring: What Is and Isn’t Valuable? 503
Monitoring and Processes 504
Conclusion 506
Chapter 32: Planning Data Centers 509
Data Center Costs and Constraints 509
Location, Location, Location 511
Data Centers and Incremental Growth 514
When Do I Consider IaaS? 516
Three Magic Rules of Three 519
Multiple Active Data Center Considerations 525
Conclusion 527
Chapter 33: Putting It All Together 531
What to Do Now? 532
Further Resources on Scalability 535
Part V: Appendices 537
Appendix A: Calculating Availability 539
Hardware Uptime 540
Customer Complaints 541
Portion of Site Down 542
Third-Party Monitoring Service 543
Business Graph 544
Appendix B: Capacity Planning Calculations 547
Appendix C: Load and Performance Calculations 555
Index 563