The purpose of this book is to lay the groundwork for the analysis and the design of processes with a view to energetic efficiency. Energetics is used in the original sense of the engineer W. J. M. Rankine (Proc. Roy. Philosoph. Soc. of Glasgow III, 381 [1955]) and the physical chemist J. N. Br3nsted (Principles and Problems in Energetics, Interscience, New York, 1955), i.e., the macroscopic description of the flows of different forms of energy, and the general laws governing the mutual transforma tions of these flows. The prerequisite for the use of the book is a conventional course in…mehr
The purpose of this book is to lay the groundwork for the analysis and the design of processes with a view to energetic efficiency. Energetics is used in the original sense of the engineer W. J. M. Rankine (Proc. Roy. Philosoph. Soc. of Glasgow III, 381 [1955]) and the physical chemist J. N. Br3nsted (Principles and Problems in Energetics, Interscience, New York, 1955), i.e., the macroscopic description of the flows of different forms of energy, and the general laws governing the mutual transforma tions of these flows. The prerequisite for the use of the book is a conventional course in equilibrium thermodynamics as usually taken in the junior (third) col lege year. The author believes that while knowledge about equilibria is essential, most engineers and many scientists are mostly interested in systems in which equilibrium has not yet been reached. In such systems, flow phenomena such as heat, mass and electricity transfer, as well as chemical reactions, can take place, and it is important to know the driv ing forces and laws governing the interactions of these flows.
I. Fundamental Concepts.- A. Introduction.- B. Definitions.- C. Postulates.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- II. Exergy.- A. Introduction.- B. Exergy of a Closed System.- C. Exergy Accounting in Flow Systems.- D. Relationship Between Exergy Disappearance and Entropy Creation.- E. Exergetic and Thermoeconomic Analyses.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- III. Generalized Forces.- A. Introduction.- B. Choice of Driving Forces.- C. Comparison of Generalized with Conventional Driving Forces.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- IV. Isothermal Flow Coupling.- A. Introduction.- B. Mass Transfer in Ionic Membranes.- C. inear Phenomenological Relations Between Fluxes and Generalized Driving Forces.- D. Electrokinetic Flow Equations.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- V. Conductance Coefficients and Reciprocity Relations.- A. Laws About the Magnitude of Conductance Coefficients.- B. Proofs of the Laws.- C. Degree of Coupling.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- VI. General Energetics of Chemical Reactions.- A. Introduction.- B. Generalized Forces and "Flows" of Chemical Reactions.- C. Coupled Chemical Reactions.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- VII. Interdiffusion of Gases in Porous Media.- A. Introduction.- B. Friction Model.- C. Diffusion Under Knudsen Conditions.- D. Interdiffusion at Uniform Pressure.- E. Summary.- Selected Literature.- VIII. Molecular Filtration Through Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Review of Osmotic-Pressure Equations.- C. Flow Equations.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- IX. Coupled Heat and Mass Flow.- A. Introduction.- B. Adiabatic Gas Flow Through Porous Media.- C. Flux Equations.- D. Heat of Transfer of Ideal Gases (Gas-Kinetic Interpretation).- E. Summary.- Problem.- Selected Literature.- X. Thermoelectric Phenomena.- A. Introduction.- B. Qualitative Discussion of the Coupling Effects.- C. Flow Equations and Relations Between Thermoelectric Phenomena.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- List of Symbols.- Appendix I. Carnot's Engine.- Appendix II. Dependence of Chemical Potential on Concentration.- Appendix III. Answers to Problems.
I. Fundamental Concepts.- A. Introduction.- B. Definitions.- C. Postulates.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- II. Exergy.- A. Introduction.- B. Exergy of a Closed System.- C. Exergy Accounting in Flow Systems.- D. Relationship Between Exergy Disappearance and Entropy Creation.- E. Exergetic and Thermoeconomic Analyses.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- III. Generalized Forces.- A. Introduction.- B. Choice of Driving Forces.- C. Comparison of Generalized with Conventional Driving Forces.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- IV. Isothermal Flow Coupling.- A. Introduction.- B. Mass Transfer in Ionic Membranes.- C. inear Phenomenological Relations Between Fluxes and Generalized Driving Forces.- D. Electrokinetic Flow Equations.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- V. Conductance Coefficients and Reciprocity Relations.- A. Laws About the Magnitude of Conductance Coefficients.- B. Proofs of the Laws.- C. Degree of Coupling.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- VI. General Energetics of Chemical Reactions.- A. Introduction.- B. Generalized Forces and "Flows" of Chemical Reactions.- C. Coupled Chemical Reactions.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- VII. Interdiffusion of Gases in Porous Media.- A. Introduction.- B. Friction Model.- C. Diffusion Under Knudsen Conditions.- D. Interdiffusion at Uniform Pressure.- E. Summary.- Selected Literature.- VIII. Molecular Filtration Through Membranes.- A. Introduction.- B. Review of Osmotic-Pressure Equations.- C. Flow Equations.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- IX. Coupled Heat and Mass Flow.- A. Introduction.- B. Adiabatic Gas Flow Through Porous Media.- C. Flux Equations.- D. Heat of Transfer of Ideal Gases (Gas-Kinetic Interpretation).- E. Summary.- Problem.- Selected Literature.- X. Thermoelectric Phenomena.- A. Introduction.- B. Qualitative Discussion of the Coupling Effects.- C. Flow Equations and Relations Between Thermoelectric Phenomena.- Problems.- Selected Literature.- List of Symbols.- Appendix I. Carnot's Engine.- Appendix II. Dependence of Chemical Potential on Concentration.- Appendix III. Answers to Problems.
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