List of Figures and Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Introduction: The Watery Planet
Troubled Waters
Calming Seas
Navigating the Path
Watermarks
Historical Perspectives on Water Resources Development
Evolution of Water Resources Planning
1800 to 1900: Emergence of Water Resources Planning
1901 to 1933: Multipurpose Projects
1934 to 1943: Economic Considerations
1944 to 1969: Multiobjective Focus
1970 to 1980: Environmental Era
1981 to 2018: Devolution and Environmental Protection
Diving In: Scope of the Book
Study Questions
2 The Planning Process
Introduction
Key Terms
Scope of Planning
Levels of Planning
The Water Resources Planning Process
Planning Steps
Problem Identification
Data Collection and Analysis
Goals and Objectives
Problem Diagnosis
Formulation of Alternatives
Analysis of Alternatives
Evaluation and Recommendations
Implementation
Surveillance and Monitoring
The Rational Planning Model
Incorporation of Planning in Federal Activity
The Benefit-Cost Approach
Problems with the Rational Planning Model
Technical Adjustments
Incrementalism
Optimization
Multiple-Objective Approach
Social and Political Adjustments
Advocacy Planning
Citizen Participation
Radical Planning
Trends in Planning
Risk Assessment
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Adaptive Management
Collaborative Governance
Integrated Water Resources Management
Savannah River Basin
McKenzie River Basin
Benefits of IWRM
Barriers to IWRM
Obstacles to Planning
Benefits of Planning
Study Questions
3 Hydrologic Fundamentals
Introduction
Key Terms
The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Budget
Hydrologic Cycle
Precipitation
Infiltration
Evaporation and Transpiration
Surface Runoff
Groundwater Flow
Water Budget
Groundwater Systems
Occurrence
Porosity
Permeability
Optimal Yield
Groundwater Quality
Surface Water
Occurrence
Watersheds
Surface Water Quality
Groundwater/Surface Interactions
Summary
Study Questions
Notes
4 Water Use and Supply
Introduction
Key Terms
Water Use
Water Use by Category
Thermoelectric Power Use
Irrigation Use
Public Supply Use
Industrial Use
Mining, and Aquaculture and Livestock Uses
Water Supply
Alternative Sources (or Supply)
Desalination
Reclaimed Water
Planning for Future Water Use
Forecasting Methodologies
Demand Forecasting
Time Extrapolation
Single-Coefficient Methods
Multiple-Coefficient Methods
Probabilistic Analysis
IWR-MAIN
Understanding Municipal Water Use
Explaining Municipal Water Use
State of the Art
Conclusion
Water Conservation
Supply Forecasting
Reservoirs
Sequent-Peak Method
Optimization Models
The Water "Supply" Problem
Conclusion
Study Questions
Notes
5 Water Law
Introduction
Key Terms
Riparian Rights
Prior Appropriation
Summary of Riparian and Prior Appropriation Rights
Groundwater Law
Federal Reserved Water Rights
National Parks, Forests, Monuments, and Military Installations
Native American Water Rights
Recent Issues
State Surface Water Law
General Stream Adjudication
Reallocation of Water Supplies
Water Banking
Water Rights in Groundwater and Off-Reservation Water Marketing
Study Questions 1
Notes
6 Federal Agencies, Legislation, and Intergovernmental Cooperation
Introduction
Key Terms
Organizational Structure
Federal Legislation
Water Resources Development Legislation
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
Reclamation Act of 1902
Federal Water Power Act of 1920
National Flood Insurance Program
Water Resources Development Acts
Environmental Legislation
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1948
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
Clean Water Act of 1977
CWA Section 404: Dredge and Fill Permits
CWA Section 401: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Water Quality Act of 1987
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Endangered Species Act of 1973
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1972
Intergovernmental Activities
Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin
Chesapeake Bay
Study Questions
Notes
7 State and Intergovernmental Agencies and Programs
Introduction
Local Agencies
State Agencies
California
Colorado
Texas
Wisconsin
Pennsylvania
Florida
Intergovernmental Water Projects and Programs
Everglades National Park
Chesapeake Bay Restoration
CALFED Bay-Delta Program/Delta Stewardship Council
Conclusion
Study Questions
Notes
8 Water Quality
Introduction
Key Terms
The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality
Nature's Effects on Water Quality
Chemical Characteristics and Measures
Physical Characteristics and Measures
Example 1. Physical and Chemical Water Quality Characteristics: Flint, Michigan, Water Crisis
Biological Characteristics and Measures
Groundwater Quality
Example 2. Groundwater Contamination: Industrial Waste Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Contamination in New York and Vermont
Saltwater Intrusion
Domestic Pollution
Industrial Pollution
Agricultural Pollution
Quality Control
Emerging Contaminants and Water Quality
1. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
2. Nanomaterials
Impacts of Land Use on Water Quality
Open Space and Agriculture
Example 3. Land-Water Interaction: Hydraulic Fracturing
Urban Land Use Development
Industrial Use
Land-Water Interfaces
Water Quality Planning: The Legislative Take
Wastewater Planning
Conclusion
Study Questions
Notes
9 Economic Analysis
Introduction
Key Terms
Who Owns the Water?
Principles of Public Investment Analysis
Demand, Supply, and Production Functions
Equity versus Efficiency
Comparisons of Value and Time
Benefit-Cost Analysis
Discounting Techniques
Cash Flow
Compound-Interest Factors
Hypothetical Example
1. Costs
2. Benefits
Present-Worth (or Present-Value) Method
Rate-of-Return Method
Benefit-Cost Ratio Method
Identifying Benefits and Costs
Limitations and Cautions
Annual-Cost Method
Cost Allocation and Cost Sharing
Allocation Rules
Cost Sharing
Study Questions
Notes
Appendix 9-A
10 Floodplain Management
Introduction
Key Terms
Flooding and Floodplains
Floodplains
Streamflow Analysis
Runoff
Frequency
How Floods Matter
Recent Floods
Floods and Floodplains: History, Policies, and Legislation
Early History
Flooding-Related Policy and Legislation
The National Flood Insurance Program
Twenty-First Century Issues and Reforms
Flood Resilience
Flood Damage Reduction Measures
Modifying Human Susceptibility to Flood Damage and Disruption
Land Use Controls
Modifying Flooding
Modifying the Impact of Flooding on Individuals and Communities
Flood Insurance
Conclusion
Study Questions
Notes
11 Stormwater Control and Management
Introduction
Key Terms
What Is in Stormwater Discharges?
Legal/Regulatory Framework
Phase I NPDES Permit
Phase II NPDES Permit
Managing Municipal Stormwater Pollution
Stormwater Management Programs and Plans
Example: Portland, Oregon, Stormwater Management Program (SWMP)
Stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Structural BMPs/Green Infrastructure
Infiltration Systems
Pervious Pavement
Infiltration Trenches and Wells
Detention Systems
Retention Systems
Constructed Wetlands
Filtration Systems
Bioretention
Nonstructural BMPs
Education, Recycling, and Source Controls
Maintenance Practices
Conclusion
Study Questions
Notes
12 Models in Water Resources Planning
Introduction
Key Terms
Model Types
Simulation Models
Optimization Models
Model Structure
Linear and Nonlinear Models
Search Techniques
Statistical Techniques
Regression Models
Decision Support Systems/Collaborative Decision-Making Models
Model Selection
A Note on Data
Applications
Water Quality Models
Groundwater Models
Stormwater and Watershed Models
Optimization Models
DSS/Collaborative Decision-Making Models
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Water Models
GIS Examples
Conclusion
Study Questions
Notes
13 Other Planning Issues
Key Terms
Fish and Wildlife
Wetlands
Navigation
Harbors and Ports
Waterways
Recreation
Hydroelectric Power
Environmental Impacts
Study Questions
Notes
14 Future Directions
Reflections
Key Terms
Storm Clouds (Future Challenges)
Global Scale
Climate Change
Water Security
The Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Water Pricing, Privatization, and Globalization
National Scale (United States)
Infrastructure Legacy
Data Challenges
Conserving and Protecting Water Resources
Cybersecurity
Sunny Skies
Setting Sail: The Water Resources Planner
Study Questions
Notes
Appendix A. Federal Information Sources
Introduction
Federal Involvement in Water Management
Data Collection and Forecasting
Water Management Agreements
Water Storage and Conveyance Facilities (Dams, Reservoirs, and Water Distribution Systems)
Water Rights (Holding Rights to Lands They Manage or as Trustees for Tribal Water Rights)
Environmental Protection (Implementing Laws Such as the Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act, or the Safe Drinking Water Act)
Water Quantity-Related Data
Streamflow and Groundwater Data
Precipitation Data
Water Use Trend Data and Other Water Resource Data
USACE Institute for Water Resources
NOAA-Digital Coast Partnership
Water Quality-Related Data
EPA CWA-Related Data Sources
EPA's Water Research/Data Portal
EPA SDWA-Related Data Sources
USGS Water Quality Information
Note
Appendix B: Conversion Table
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
About the Authors
