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The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Volume 6: The Berlin Years: Writings, 1914-1917.
Herausgegeben von A. J. Kox, Martin J. Klein und Robert Schulmann
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Presented in this volume are Albert Einstein's writings from his arrival in Berlin in the spring of 1914 to take up his new position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences through the end of 1917. During these years he completed the general theory of relativity--the relativistic theory of gravitation--and this was surely the high point of his scientific life. His writings on relativity in this volume range from general treatments of the theory to detailed calculations of specific consequences and his first attempt at a relativistic account of cosmology. They also include his popular exposition of...
Presented in this volume are Albert Einstein's writings from his arrival in Berlin in the spring of 1914 to take up his new position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences through the end of 1917. During these years he completed the general theory of relativity--the relativistic theory of gravitation--and this was surely the high point of his scientific life. His writings on relativity in this volume range from general treatments of the theory to detailed calculations of specific consequences and his first attempt at a relativistic account of cosmology. They also include his popular exposition of the special and general theories, first published in 1917 and still a valuable account for the general reader.
As soon as the difficulties on the path to general relativity had been overcome, Einstein returned to the riddles of the quantum theory. His major clarification of the quantum theory of radiation appears here along with his lesser known contribution to the formulation of quantum conditions. This volume also contains the papers describing Einstein's only experimental investigation, a study of Ampère's molecular currents, which he carried out with the Dutch physicist W. J. de Haas.
Before the beginning of World War I, Einstein had never expressed his views on nonscientific subjects. Yet one of his first reactions to this previously unthinkable general war was to sign an "Appeal to Europeans" urging an immediate end to hostilities.
Every document in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein appears in the language in which it was written.
Aus dem Inhalt:
List of Texts ix
INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL
Introduction to Volume 6 xv
Acknowledgments xxvi
List of Location Symbols and Descriptive Symbols xxvii
TEXTS 1
1. "On the Principle of Relativity," 26 April 1914 3
"Vom Relativit5ts-Prinzip"
Vossische Zeitung, 26 April 1914
2. "Covariance Properties of the Field Equations of the Theory of Gravitation Based on the Generalized Theory of Relativity," 29 May 1914 "Kovarianzeigenschaften der Feldgleichungen der auf die verallgemeinerte Relativitätstheorie gegründeten Gravitationstheorie" 6
Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik 63 (1914)
3. "Inaugural Lecture," 2 July 1914 19
"Antrittsrede"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1914)
4. "Remarks on P. Harzer's Paper: 'On the Dragging of Light in Glass and on Aberration'," 18 July 1914 25
"Bemerkungen zu P. Harzers Abhandlung ,,Über die Mitführung des Lichtes in Glas und die Aberration"
Astronomische Nachrichten 199 (1914)
5. "Contributions to Quantum Theory," 24 July 1914 29 "Beiträge zur Quantentheorie"
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 16 (1914)
6. "Response to Paul Harzer's Reply," 18 August 1914 41
"Antwort auf eine Replik Paul Harzers"
Astronomische Nachrichten 199 (1914)
7. Lecture Notes for Course on Relativity at the University of Berlin, 44
Winter Semester 1914/1915, 16 October 1914-15 March 1915
8. "Manifesto to the Europeans" (with G. F. Nicolai and 69 F. W. Förster), mid-October 19t4
"Aufruf an die Europäer"
9. "The Formal Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity," 29 October 1914 72
"Die formale Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1914)
10. Review of Alexander Brill, The Principle of Relativity: An Introduction to the Theory, 27 November 1914 131
Das Relativitätsprinzip. Eine Einführung in die Theorie Die Naturwissenschaften 2 (1914)
11. Review of H. A. Lorentz, The Principle of Relativity: Three Lectures .... 27 November 1914 134
Das Relativitätsprinzip. Drei Vorlesungen ...
Die Naturwissenschaften 2 (1914)
12. "Expert Opinion on Legal Dispute between Anschütz Co. and Sperry Gyroscope Company," 6 February 1915 137
"Gutachten zum Rechtsstreit Anschütz Co. gegen Sperry-Gyroscope Company"
Editorial Note: Einstein on Ampère's Molecular Currents 145
13. "Experimental Proof of Amp6re's Molecular Currents" 151 (with Wander J. de Haas), 19 February 1915
"Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme" Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 17 (1915)
14. "Experimental Proof of the Existence of Ampère's Molecular Currents" (with Wander J. de Haas), 23 April 1915 172
Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen to Amsterdam. Section of Sciences. Proceedings 18 (1915-16)
15. "Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents," 7 May 1915 190 "Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme"
Die Naturwissenschaften 3 (1915)
16. "Correction of My Joint Paper with J. W. de Haas: 'Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents'," 10 May 1915 194
"Berichtigung zu meiner gemeinsam mit Herrn J. W. de Haas veröffentlichten Arbeit ,,Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme" "
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 17 (1915)
17. "Comment on the Essay Submitted by Knapp: 'The Shearing of the Light-Ether . . .'," 15 June 1915 197
"Ausserung zu dem von Herrn Knapp eingereichten Aufsatze ,,Die Scherung des Lichtäthers . . ."
18. "Response to a Paper by M. von Laue: 'A Theorem in Probability Calculus and Its Application to Radiation Theory'," 24 June 1915 198
"Antwort auf eine Abhandlung M. v. Laues ,,Ein Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung auf die Strahlungstheorie" "
Annalen der Physik 47 (1915)
19. "Supplementary Expert Opinion," 7 August 1915 "Nachtragsgutachten" 207
20. "My Opinion on the War," 23 October-11 November 1915 211 "Meine Meinung Über den Krieg"
21. "On the General Theory of Relativity," 4 November 1915 214 "Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
22. "On the General Theory of Relativity (Addendum)," 11 November 1915 225
"Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Nachtrag)"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
23. "Comment on Our Paper: 'Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents"' (with Wander J. de Haas), 15 November 1915 230
"Notiz zu unserer Arbeit „Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme"
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 17 (1915)
24. "Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury from the General Theory of Relativity," 18 November 1915 233
"Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
25. "The Field Equations of Gravitation," 25 November 1915 244 "Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
26. "On the Theory of Tetrode and Sackur for the Entropy Constant," ca. 14 January 1916 250
"Zur Tetrode-Sakkur'schen Theorie der Entropie-Konstante"
27. "A New Formal Interpretation of Maxwell's Field Equations of Electrodynamics," 3 February 1916 263
"Eine neue formale Deutung der Maxwellschen Feldgleichungen der Elektrodynamik"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1916)
28. "A Simple Experiment to Demonstrate Ampère's Molecular Currents," 25 February 1916 270
"Ein einfaches Experiment zum Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme"
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 18 (1916)
29. "Ernst Mach," 14 March 1916 277
Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916)
30. "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity," 20 March 1916 283
"Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Annalen der Physik 49 (1916)
31. "Appendix. Formulation of the Theory on the Basis of a Variational Principle," before 20 March 1916 340
"Anhang. Darstellung der Theorie ausgehend von einem Variationsprinzip"
32. "Approximative Integration of the Field Equations of Gravitation," 22 June 1916 347
"Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1916)
33. "Einstein's Memorial Lecture on Karl Schwarzschild," 29 June 1916 358
"Gedächtnisrede des Hrn. Einstein auf Karl Schwarzschild"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1916)
34. "Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory," 17 July 1916 363
"Strahlungs-Emission und -Absorption nach der Quantentheorie" Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 18 (1916)
35. "Preface" to Erwin Freundlich, The Foundations of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation, ca. August 1916 371
36. Review of H. A. Lorentz, Statistical Theories in Thermodynamics: Five Lectures .... 11 August 1916 374
Les théories statistiques en thermodynamique
Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916)
37. "Author's Summary of The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, 11 August 1916 378
Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916)
38. "On the Quantum Theory of Radiation," after 24 August 1916 381
"Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung"
Physikalische Gesellschaft Zürich. Mitteilungen 18 (1916)
39. "Elementary Theory of Water Waves and of Flight," 25 August 1916 "Elementare Theorie der Wasserwellen und des Fluges" 399
Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916)
40. "On Friedrich Kottler's Paper: 'On Einstein's Equivalence Hypothesis and Gravitation'," October 1916 403
"Über Friedrich Kottlers Abhandlung ,,Über Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation"
Annalen der Physik 51 (1916)
41. "Hamilton's Principle and the General Theory of Relativity," 26 October 1916 409
"Hamiltonsches Prinzip und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie" Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1916)
Editorial Note: Einstein's Popular Book on Relativity 417
42. On the Special and the General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account), December 1916 420
Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Gemeinverständlich). Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1917
43. "Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity," 8 February 1917 540
"Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1917)
44. "Reply to the Plaintiff's Written Statement of 27 December 1916," 17 February 1917 553
"Antwort auf die Schrift der Klägerin vom 27. December 1916"
45. "On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein," 11 May 1917 "Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein" 555
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 19 (1917)
46. Review of Hermann von Helmholtz, Two Lectures on Goethe, 2 November 1917 568
Zwei Vorträge über Goethe
Die Naturwissenschaften 5 (1917)
47. "A Derivation of Jacobi's Theorem," 22 November 1917
"Eine Ableitung des Theorems von Jacobi"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1917)
48. "Marian von Smoluchowski," 14 December 1917 576
Die Naturwissenschaften 5 (1917)
49. "The Nightmare," 25 December 1917 580
"Der Angst-Traum"
Berliner Tageblatt, 25 December 1917
APPENDIXES
A. Summaries of Einstein's Courses, University of Berlin 583
B. Nachschrift of Einstein's Wolfskehl Lectures, summer 1915 586
Literature Cited 591
Indexes 607
As soon as the difficulties on the path to general relativity had been overcome, Einstein returned to the riddles of the quantum theory. His major clarification of the quantum theory of radiation appears here along with his lesser known contribution to the formulation of quantum conditions. This volume also contains the papers describing Einstein's only experimental investigation, a study of Ampère's molecular currents, which he carried out with the Dutch physicist W. J. de Haas.
Before the beginning of World War I, Einstein had never expressed his views on nonscientific subjects. Yet one of his first reactions to this previously unthinkable general war was to sign an "Appeal to Europeans" urging an immediate end to hostilities.
Every document in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein appears in the language in which it was written.
Aus dem Inhalt:
List of Texts ix
INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL
Introduction to Volume 6 xv
Acknowledgments xxvi
List of Location Symbols and Descriptive Symbols xxvii
TEXTS 1
1. "On the Principle of Relativity," 26 April 1914 3
"Vom Relativit5ts-Prinzip"
Vossische Zeitung, 26 April 1914
2. "Covariance Properties of the Field Equations of the Theory of Gravitation Based on the Generalized Theory of Relativity," 29 May 1914 "Kovarianzeigenschaften der Feldgleichungen der auf die verallgemeinerte Relativitätstheorie gegründeten Gravitationstheorie" 6
Zeitschrift für Mathematik und Physik 63 (1914)
3. "Inaugural Lecture," 2 July 1914 19
"Antrittsrede"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1914)
4. "Remarks on P. Harzer's Paper: 'On the Dragging of Light in Glass and on Aberration'," 18 July 1914 25
"Bemerkungen zu P. Harzers Abhandlung ,,Über die Mitführung des Lichtes in Glas und die Aberration"
Astronomische Nachrichten 199 (1914)
5. "Contributions to Quantum Theory," 24 July 1914 29 "Beiträge zur Quantentheorie"
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 16 (1914)
6. "Response to Paul Harzer's Reply," 18 August 1914 41
"Antwort auf eine Replik Paul Harzers"
Astronomische Nachrichten 199 (1914)
7. Lecture Notes for Course on Relativity at the University of Berlin, 44
Winter Semester 1914/1915, 16 October 1914-15 March 1915
8. "Manifesto to the Europeans" (with G. F. Nicolai and 69 F. W. Förster), mid-October 19t4
"Aufruf an die Europäer"
9. "The Formal Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity," 29 October 1914 72
"Die formale Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie" Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1914)
10. Review of Alexander Brill, The Principle of Relativity: An Introduction to the Theory, 27 November 1914 131
Das Relativitätsprinzip. Eine Einführung in die Theorie Die Naturwissenschaften 2 (1914)
11. Review of H. A. Lorentz, The Principle of Relativity: Three Lectures .... 27 November 1914 134
Das Relativitätsprinzip. Drei Vorlesungen ...
Die Naturwissenschaften 2 (1914)
12. "Expert Opinion on Legal Dispute between Anschütz Co. and Sperry Gyroscope Company," 6 February 1915 137
"Gutachten zum Rechtsstreit Anschütz Co. gegen Sperry-Gyroscope Company"
Editorial Note: Einstein on Ampère's Molecular Currents 145
13. "Experimental Proof of Amp6re's Molecular Currents" 151 (with Wander J. de Haas), 19 February 1915
"Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme" Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 17 (1915)
14. "Experimental Proof of the Existence of Ampère's Molecular Currents" (with Wander J. de Haas), 23 April 1915 172
Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen to Amsterdam. Section of Sciences. Proceedings 18 (1915-16)
15. "Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents," 7 May 1915 190 "Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme"
Die Naturwissenschaften 3 (1915)
16. "Correction of My Joint Paper with J. W. de Haas: 'Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents'," 10 May 1915 194
"Berichtigung zu meiner gemeinsam mit Herrn J. W. de Haas veröffentlichten Arbeit ,,Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme" "
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 17 (1915)
17. "Comment on the Essay Submitted by Knapp: 'The Shearing of the Light-Ether . . .'," 15 June 1915 197
"Ausserung zu dem von Herrn Knapp eingereichten Aufsatze ,,Die Scherung des Lichtäthers . . ."
18. "Response to a Paper by M. von Laue: 'A Theorem in Probability Calculus and Its Application to Radiation Theory'," 24 June 1915 198
"Antwort auf eine Abhandlung M. v. Laues ,,Ein Satz der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung und seine Anwendung auf die Strahlungstheorie" "
Annalen der Physik 47 (1915)
19. "Supplementary Expert Opinion," 7 August 1915 "Nachtragsgutachten" 207
20. "My Opinion on the War," 23 October-11 November 1915 211 "Meine Meinung Über den Krieg"
21. "On the General Theory of Relativity," 4 November 1915 214 "Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
22. "On the General Theory of Relativity (Addendum)," 11 November 1915 225
"Zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Nachtrag)"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
23. "Comment on Our Paper: 'Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents"' (with Wander J. de Haas), 15 November 1915 230
"Notiz zu unserer Arbeit „Experimenteller Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme"
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 17 (1915)
24. "Explanation of the Perihelion Motion of Mercury from the General Theory of Relativity," 18 November 1915 233
"Erklärung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
25. "The Field Equations of Gravitation," 25 November 1915 244 "Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1915)
26. "On the Theory of Tetrode and Sackur for the Entropy Constant," ca. 14 January 1916 250
"Zur Tetrode-Sakkur'schen Theorie der Entropie-Konstante"
27. "A New Formal Interpretation of Maxwell's Field Equations of Electrodynamics," 3 February 1916 263
"Eine neue formale Deutung der Maxwellschen Feldgleichungen der Elektrodynamik"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1916)
28. "A Simple Experiment to Demonstrate Ampère's Molecular Currents," 25 February 1916 270
"Ein einfaches Experiment zum Nachweis der Ampèreschen Molekularströme"
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 18 (1916)
29. "Ernst Mach," 14 March 1916 277
Physikalische Zeitschrift 17 (1916)
30. "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity," 20 March 1916 283
"Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Annalen der Physik 49 (1916)
31. "Appendix. Formulation of the Theory on the Basis of a Variational Principle," before 20 March 1916 340
"Anhang. Darstellung der Theorie ausgehend von einem Variationsprinzip"
32. "Approximative Integration of the Field Equations of Gravitation," 22 June 1916 347
"Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1916)
33. "Einstein's Memorial Lecture on Karl Schwarzschild," 29 June 1916 358
"Gedächtnisrede des Hrn. Einstein auf Karl Schwarzschild"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin).
Sitzungsberichte (1916)
34. "Emission and Absorption of Radiation in Quantum Theory," 17 July 1916 363
"Strahlungs-Emission und -Absorption nach der Quantentheorie" Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 18 (1916)
35. "Preface" to Erwin Freundlich, The Foundations of Einstein's Theory of Gravitation, ca. August 1916 371
36. Review of H. A. Lorentz, Statistical Theories in Thermodynamics: Five Lectures .... 11 August 1916 374
Les théories statistiques en thermodynamique
Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916)
37. "Author's Summary of The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity, 11 August 1916 378
Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916)
38. "On the Quantum Theory of Radiation," after 24 August 1916 381
"Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung"
Physikalische Gesellschaft Zürich. Mitteilungen 18 (1916)
39. "Elementary Theory of Water Waves and of Flight," 25 August 1916 "Elementare Theorie der Wasserwellen und des Fluges" 399
Die Naturwissenschaften 4 (1916)
40. "On Friedrich Kottler's Paper: 'On Einstein's Equivalence Hypothesis and Gravitation'," October 1916 403
"Über Friedrich Kottlers Abhandlung ,,Über Einsteins Äquivalenzhypothese und die Gravitation"
Annalen der Physik 51 (1916)
41. "Hamilton's Principle and the General Theory of Relativity," 26 October 1916 409
"Hamiltonsches Prinzip und allgemeine Relativitätstheorie" Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1916)
Editorial Note: Einstein's Popular Book on Relativity 417
42. On the Special and the General Theory of Relativity (A Popular Account), December 1916 420
Über die spezielle und die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie (Gemeinverständlich). Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1917
43. "Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity," 8 February 1917 540
"Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1917)
44. "Reply to the Plaintiff's Written Statement of 27 December 1916," 17 February 1917 553
"Antwort auf die Schrift der Klägerin vom 27. December 1916"
45. "On the Quantum Theorem of Sommerfeld and Epstein," 11 May 1917 "Zum Quantensatz von Sommerfeld und Epstein" 555
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen 19 (1917)
46. Review of Hermann von Helmholtz, Two Lectures on Goethe, 2 November 1917 568
Zwei Vorträge über Goethe
Die Naturwissenschaften 5 (1917)
47. "A Derivation of Jacobi's Theorem," 22 November 1917
"Eine Ableitung des Theorems von Jacobi"
Königlich Preuáische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1917)
48. "Marian von Smoluchowski," 14 December 1917 576
Die Naturwissenschaften 5 (1917)
49. "The Nightmare," 25 December 1917 580
"Der Angst-Traum"
Berliner Tageblatt, 25 December 1917
APPENDIXES
A. Summaries of Einstein's Courses, University of Berlin 583
B. Nachschrift of Einstein's Wolfskehl Lectures, summer 1915 586
Literature Cited 591
Indexes 607