Extrafloral nectaries on biological control agents

Extrafloral nectaries on biological control agents

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Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are specialized glands found outside of flowers in various plant species worldwide. They secrete sugar-rich nectar, attracting a diverse array of arthropods. EFNs are dispersed across different plant structures and play a crucial role in indirect plant defense by fostering mutualistic interactions with natural enemies of herbivores. The relationship between plants and biological control agents facilitated by EFNs enhances plant protection against herbivorous pests. Wasps, coccinellids, ants, spiders, and beetles are attracted to EFNs, offering varying degrees of pe...