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  • Produktbild: Caffeine

Caffeine Perspectives from Recent Research

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

28.12.2011

Herausgeber

P. B. Dews

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

260

Maße (L/B/H)

24,4/17/1,6 cm

Gewicht

495 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-69825-5

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

28.12.2011

Herausgeber

P. B. Dews

Verlag

Springer Berlin

Seitenzahl

260

Maße (L/B/H)

24,4/17/1,6 cm

Gewicht

495 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-3-642-69825-5

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

Email: [email protected]

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  • Produktbild: Caffeine
  • Produktbild: Caffeine
  • Section I Metabolism and Kinetics.- I Products of Metabolism of Caffeine.- 1 Discovery and Chemical Structure of Methylxanthines.- 2 Formation of Uric Acid Metabolites.- 3 Introduction of Chromatographic Techniques.- 4 The Metabolic Studies by H.H. Cornish.- 5 Use of Labeled Methylxanthines.- 6 Metabolism of Theophylline in the Premature Infant.- 7 Metabolism of Labeled Theobromine and Identification of Uracil Derivatives.- 8 Use of Methyl-Labeled Caffeine in Breath Tests.- 9 Perinatal Caffeine and Theophylline Metabolism.- 10 Quantitative Metabolic Pathways of Dimethylxanthines.- 11 Identification of an Acetylated Uracil Metabolite in Man.- References.- II Measurement of Caffeine and Its Metabolites in Biological Fluids.- 1 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry.- 2 Liquid Chromatography.- 3 Thin-Layer Chromatography.- 4 Immunoassays.- 5 Gas Chromatography — Mass Spectrometry.- 6 Carbon Dioxide Breath Test.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- III Interspecies Comparison of Caffeine Disposition.- 1 Absorption.- 2 Plasma Protein Binding.- 3 Distribution.- 4 Clearance.- 4.1 Renal Clearance.- 4.2 Metabolic Clearance.- 4.3 Urinary Metabolism.- 5 Kinetics of Primary Metabolites of Caffeine.- 6 Nonlinear Kinetics.- 7 Chronic Treatment in the Rat.- References.- Section II Intake.- IV Human Consumption of Caffeine.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sources and Levels.- 2.1 Coffee.- 2.2 Tea.- 2.3 Cocoa and Chocolate Products.- 2.4 Soft Drinks.- 2.5 Drug Products.- 2.6 Standard Caffeine Content Values.- 3 Consumption Data Sources.- 4 Consumption Estimates.- 4.1 Market Research Corporation of America Survey.- 4.2 Market Facts Survey.- 4.3 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey.- 4.4 1982 Coffee Drinking Study.- 4.5 Standard Consumption Estimates.- 4.6 Consumption by Pregnant Women.- 5 Time Distribution of Caffeine Intake.- 6 Summary.- References.- Section III Physiological and Behavioral Effects.- V The Cardiovascular Effects of Caffeine.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Myocardial Contractility.- 3 Heart Rate.- 4 Blood Pressure.- 5 Clinical Pharmacology.- References.- VI Behavioral Effects of Caffeine.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Man.- 2.1 Performance in Laboratory Tests.- 2.2 Individual Variation.- 2.3 Effects in Children.- 2.4 Adverse Effects in Man.- 2.5 Comments on Studies of Behavioral Effects in Human Subjects.- 3 Experimental Animals.- 3.1 Mice.- 3.2 Rats.- 3.3 Other Species.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- Section IV Mechanisms of Effects.- VII Effects of Caffeine on Monoamine Neurotransmitters in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Effects on Brain Monoamines.- 2.1 Serotonin.- 2.2 Catecholamines.- 3 Effects on Catecholamines in the Peripheral Nervous.- System.- References.- VIII Neuroendocrine Effects of Caffeine in Rat and Man.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Studies on Experimental Animals.- 3 Studies in Man.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- IX Adenosine as a Mediator of the Behavioral Effects of Xanthines.- 1 Physiologic Effects of Adenosine.- 2 Adenosine Receptor Localization.- 3 Adenosine Receptor Binding Properties.- 4 Behavioral Effects of Xanthines and Adenosine.- Derivatives.- References.- X Caffeine and the Cardiovascular Effects of Physiological Levels of Adenosine.- 1 Introduction: Caffeine as an Antagonist of Endogenous Adenosine.- 2 Effects of Circulating Adenosine.- 3 Implications of the Interaction of Caffeine with Endogenous Adenosine.- References.- Section V Direct Assessments of Effects on Health Editor of Section V: W. R. Grice.- XI Influence of Ingested Caffeine on Animal Reproduction.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Rats.- 2.1 Details of Experimental Reports.- 2.1.1 Caffeine in Drinking Solution.- 2.1.2 Caffeine in Feed.- 2.2 Summary and Conclusions.- 3 Mice.- 3.1 Details of Experimental Reports.- 3.1.1 Caffeine in Drinking Water.- 3.1.2 Caffeine Administered by Gavage.- 3.1.3 Caffeine Administered by Injection.- 3.2 Summary and Conclusions.- 4 Domestic Chickens.- 5 General Observations.- References.- XII The Teratogenic Potential of Caffeine in Laboratory Animals.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Results of Previous Animal Studies.- 2.1 Concordant Results.- 2.2 Discordant Results.- 3 Previous Reviews of Animal Studies.- 3.1 Federation of American Societies of Biology Report.- 3.2 Citizens’ Petition to the Food and Drug Administration..- 3.3 Food and Drug Administration Review of Reproduction and Teratology Studies on Caffeine.- 3.4 National Soft Drink Association’s Critique of the Collins Gavage Study.- 3.4.1 Procedural Criticisms.- 3.4.2 Maternal Toxicity.- 3.4.3 Skeletal Variants.- 3.4.4 No-Effect Levels.- 4 Remaining Unresolved Issues.- 4.1 Mechanism(s) of Teratogenic Action in Rodents.- 4.2 Skeletal Variants and Their Biological Significance.- 4.3 Interaction of Caffeine with Known Teratogens.- 4.4 Does Gavage in Animals Induce Complications Secondary to Emotional Stress?.- 5 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- XIII Epidemiologic Studies of Birth Defects.- 1 What Is Epidemiology?.- 2 Why the Need for Epidemiology?.- 3 Limitations of Epidemiology.- 3.1 Associations, Not Causes.- 3.2 Quality of Data.- 3.2.1 Measures of Exposure.- 3.2.2 Outcome Data.- 3.2.3 Covariates.- 3.3 Biases.- 4 The Past.- 5 Recent Publications.- 5.1 Harvard Study.- 5.2 Boston University Study.- 5.3 Loma Linda Study.- 5.4 Yale Study.- 5.5 Overview.- 6 The Future.- References.- XIV The Carcinogenic Potential of Caffeine.- 1 Animal Studies.- 1.1 Published.- 1.2 Unpublished.- 1.3 Cited at Scientific Meetings and in Various Stages of Completion.- 1.4 General Conclusions.- 2 Chemical and Metabolic Studies.- 2.1 Metabolic Evidence.- 2.1.1 Direct Alkylation of DNA or Incorporation into DNA.- 2.1.2 Does Caffeine Undergo Metabolic Activation?.- 2.1.3 Does Caffeine Undergo Covalent Binding?.- 2.2 Structure-Activity Relationships.- 2.3 Associated Biological Activities of Caffeine.- 2.4 Nitrosation Reactions.- 2.5 Summary and Conclusions.- 3 Epidemiological Evidence.- 3.1 Cancer of the Urinary Bladder.- 3.2 Cancer of the Pancreas.- 3.3 Cancer of the Ovary.- 3.4 Conclusions.- 4 Summary of Evidence on Mutagenicity.- References.- XV The Mutagenic Potential of Caffeine.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Exposure.- 3 Results of Mutagenicity Tests.- 3.1 Gene Mutations.- 3.2 Chromosomal Aberrations.- 3.3 Caffeine in Combination with Other Agents.- 3.3.1 Micro-organisms.- 3.3.2 Drosophila melanogaster.- 3.3.3 Plants.- 3.3.4 Mammalian Cells in Culture.- 3.4 Summary and Risk Evaluation for Genetic Effects.- 4 Related Effects of Caffeine.- 4.1 Crossing-over.- 4.2 DNA Repair.- 4.3 Deoxyribonucleotide Pools.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- XVI Mechanism of Potentiation by Caffeine of Genotoxic Damage Induced by Physical and Chemical Agents: Possible Relevance to Carcinogenesis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Enhancement by Caffeine of Toxicity and Chromosomal Damage Induced by Chemical Agents.- 3 Effects of Caffeine Alone on Normal DNA Replication..- 4 Effects of Genotoxic Agents on DNA Synthesis.- 5 Effects of Post-treatment with Caffeine on DNA Synthesis in Mammalian Cells Treated with Genotoxic Agents.- 6 Caffeine-Induced DNA Template Breakage in Treated Cells: Double-Strand Break Formation.- 7 Caffeine-Induced Premature Mitosis.- 8 Modifying Effects of Caffeine on Tumour Induction by Chemical and Physical Agents: Possible Role of DNA Repair.- 9 Conclusions.- References.