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Brain Slices

97,99 €

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Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

15.06.2012

Verlag

Springer Us

Seitenzahl

442

Maße (L/B/H)

22,9/15,2/2,5 cm

Gewicht

674 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4684-4585-5

Beschreibung

Produktdetails

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

15.06.2012

Verlag

Springer Us

Seitenzahl

442

Maße (L/B/H)

22,9/15,2/2,5 cm

Gewicht

674 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1984

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4684-4585-5

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag KG
Sachsenplatz 4-6
1201 Wien
AT

Email: [email protected]

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  • Produktbild: Brain Slices
  • Produktbild: Brain Slices
  • Introduction: Cerebral Subsystems as Biological Entities.- 1. Comparative Electrobiology of Mammalian Central Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Generalized Neuron.- 2.1. The Axon.- 3. Electrophysiology of the Neuronal Somata.- 3.1. The Na Conductances.- 3.2. Ca Conductances.- 3.3. The K Conductances.- 4. Dendritic Electrophysiology.- 5. Discussion.- 6. References.- 2. Passive Electrotonic Structure and Dendritic Properties of Hippocampal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Why Develop Models of Neurons?.- 1.2. Hippocampal Slices as a Substrate for Theoretical Models.- 2. Electrotonic and Circuitry Models—An Overview of Methods.- 2.1. Network Model.- 2.2. Continuous Cable Models.- 2.3. Compartmental Models.- 2.4. Neuronal Circuit Models.- 3. Models Constructed with Data from Work on Hippocampal Slices.- 3.1. Continuous Cable Models.- 3.2. The Compartmental Model.- 3.3. Neuronal Circuitry Model.- 3.4. Overview of Hippocampal Slice Data.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. Insights from the Models of Electrotonic Structure.- 4.2. Models of Cell Circuitry.- 4.3. Contributions of the Slice Preparation to Model Studies.- 4.4. Experimental Directions and Testable Predictions.- 5. References.- 3. Biophysics and Microphysiology of Synaptic Transmission in Hippocampus.- 1. Motivation for Studying the Biophysics and Microphysiology of Cortical Synapses.- 2. Criteria for Selecting a Suitable Cortical Synaptic Preparation.- 2.1. Identifiable Neurons and Synapses.- 2.2. Stable Intracellular Recordings.- 2.3. Minimal Diffusional Barriers.- 2.4. Monosynaptic Connection from Stimulus Site.- 2.5. Minimal Electrotonic Distance between Subsynaptic Membrane and Recording Site.- 2.6. Measurement of Single Quantal Events.- 2.7. Application of Voltage-Clamp Techniques.- 2.8. A Synapse That Satisfies These Criteria in the Hippocampal Slice Preparation.- 3. Development of Voltage-Clamp Techniques for Application to Hippocampal Synapses.- 3.1. Techniques for Voltage Clamping Small Cortical Neurons.- 3.2. The Problem of Space Clamp.- 4. Current- and Voltage-Clamp Studies of Evoked Synaptic Events in Hippocampal Neurons.- 4.1. Analysis of Mossy-Fiber Evoked Synaptic Potentials.- 4.2. Analysis of Mossy-Fiber Evoked Synaptic Currents.- 5. Current- and Voltage-Clamp Studies of Spontaneous Miniature Synaptic Events in Hippocampal Neurons.- 5.1. The Quantum Hypotheses.- 5.2. Discovery of Spontaneous Miniature Synaptic Potentials in Hippocampal Neurons.- 5.3. Current- and Voltage-Clamp Studies of Single Quantal Events.- 6. Implications for Performing a Quantal Analysis of Evoked Release.- 6.1. The Problem of Mixed Synaptic Responses.- 6.2. Some Advantages of Voltage-Clamp Analysis.- 6.3. The Importance of a Suitable Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 6.4. A Caveat Concerning Release and Quantal Size Statistics.- 7. Significance for Selected Problems in Cortical Physiology.- 7.1. Mechanism of Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation.- 7.2. Role of Dendrites and Their Spines in Synaptic Information Transfer and Integration.- 7.3. Currents Underlying Epileptiform Discharges.- 7.4. Summary and Conclusions.- 8. References.- 4. Hippocampus: Synaptic Pharmacology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Localization of Transmitters and Endogenous Neuroactive Agents in the Hippocampal Formation.- 2.1. Transmitter Candidates.- 2.2. Neuroactive Peptides.- 3. Cellular Actions of Neuroactive Drugs in Hippocampal Slices.- 3.1. GABA.- 3.2. Acetylcholine.- 3.3. Opioid Peptides.- 3.4. Excitatory Amino Acids.- 4. Conclusions and Future Directions.- 5. References.- 5. Energy Metabolism and Brain Slice Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Integrity of the Slice Preparation.- 2.1. Comparison of Energy-Related Parameters in Slices and in Situ.- 2.2. Possible Bases for Compromised Function in the Brain Slice.- 3. Mechanism of Anoxic Damage.- 3.1. Metabolic Changes during Anoxia.- 3.2. Effects of Metabolic Changes Occurring during Anoxia on Neurotransmission.- 3.3. Experimental Evidence Concerning the Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission Failure during Compromised Oxidative Phosphorylation.- 4. References.- 6. Hippocampus: Electrophysiological Studies of Epileptiform Activity in Vitro.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Experimental Questions.- 1.2. Terminology.- 2. What Enables Some Cells to Fire Bursts Readily?.- 2.1. Paroxysmal Depolarization Shift (PDS).- 2.2. Regenerative Components of the Burst.- 3. Why Do Cells That Can Fire Burst Potentials Not Do So All the Time?.- 3.1. Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs) Prevent Bursts.- 3.2. Feedforward Dendritic Inhibition.- 4. How Does Synchronization of Firing within a Population of Cells Occur?.- 4.1. Imposed Synchrony.- 4.2. “Spontaneous” Synchrony.- 4.3. Electrotonic Interactions.- 5. What Triggers the Switch from Interictal Spiking to Seizures?.- 5.1. Burst Afterhyperpolarizations (AHP).- 5.2. The Late Hyper polarizing Potential (LHP) is a Slow IPSP.- 5.3. Seizure Development.- 6. How Can a Seizure Spread from Epileptic Tissue across Normal Tissue?.- 6.1. Endogenous Opiates.- 6.2. Acetylcholine.- 6.3. Use-Dependent IPSP Depression.- 6.4. Ammonia.- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- 7. Correlated Electrophysiological and Biochemical Studies of Hippocampal Slices.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Modification of Stimulation Procedures and Slice Techniques for Biochemical Experiments.- 3. Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation.- 4. Influences of High-Frequency Stimulation on 3H-Glutamate Binding to Synaptic Membranes.- 4.1. Characteristics of 3H-Glutamate Binding to Hippocampal Synaptic Membranes.- 4.2. Effect of High-Frequency Stimulation on 3H-Glutamate Binding.- 4.3. Calcium Regulation of 3H-Glutamate Binding to Hippocampal Membranes.- 5. High-Frequency Stimulation and Protein Phosphorylation.- 6. Summary.- 7. References.- 8. Optical Monitoring of Electrical Activity: Detection of Spatiotemporal Patterns of Activity in Hippocampal Slices by Voltage-Sensitive Probes.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Preview.- 1.2. The Limitations of Current Intracellular Electrical Recording Techniques.- 1.3. The Principle of the Optical Recording Technique.- 2. Optical Monitoring of Changes in Membrane Potential.- 2.1. The Apparatus.- 2.2. Design and Synthesis of Improved Optical Probes.- 2.3. Example of Application to the Study of Single Cells and the Study of Invertebrate CNS.- 3. Optical Recording from Brain Slices.- 3.1. Preparation of the Slices for Optical Recordings.- 3.2. The Correction Procedure for Light-Scattering Signals.- 3.3. Optical Signals from a Stained Slice.- 3.4. Light-Scattering Signals from Unstained Slices.- 3.5. Ca2+ Dependency of the Fast and Slow Responses.- 3.6. Effects of Tetrodotoxin on the Fast Responses.- 3.7. Optical “Artifacts” near the Stimulating Electrode.- 3.8. Properties of the Unmyelinated Axons in the Hippocampus Slice.- 3.9. Postsynaptic Responses.- 3.10. The Cellular Discharges.- 3.11. Examples of Pharmacological Studies: The Effect of Picrotoxin.- 3.12. Visualization of the Spread of Activity in Slices.- 3.13. Comparison between Field Potentials and Optical Recordings.- 3.14. Limitations and Advantages.- 3.15. Future Prospects.- 4. References.- 9. Probing the Extracellular Space of Brain Slices with Ion-Selective Microelectrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Brain Cell Microenvironment.- 3. Extracellular Ion Changes Produced by Simultaneous Activity of Ensembles of Neurons.- 4. Extracellular Ion Changes Evoked by Individual Cells.- 4.1. Spontaneous Purkinje Cell Activity.- 4.2. Changes in [K+]0 during Simultaneous Intracellular Recording and Current Passage.- 4.3. Changes in [K+]0 Recorded outside Glia Cells during Intracellular Current Passage.- 5. Prospects and Problems.- 6. References.- 10. Electrophysiological Study of the Neostriatum in Brain Slice Preparation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 2.1. Electrode.- 2.2. Slice Chamber.- 2.3. Slice Preparation.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. Field Potentials.- 3.2. Intracellular Recording.- 3.3. Discussion and Summary.- 4. References.- 11. Locus Coeruleus Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Results.- 3.1. Guinea Pig Locus Coeruleus.- 3.2. Guinea Pig Mesencephalic Nucleus of the Trigeminal Nerve.- 3.3. Rat Locus Coeruleus.- 3.4. Pharmacological Studies.- 4. Discussion.- 5. References.- 12. Neocortex: Cellular Properties and Intrinsic Circuitry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Early Use of Neocortical Slices.- 3. Notes on Neocortical Slice Methodology.- 4. Properties of Neocortical Slices.- 4.1. Electrophysiology of Single Cells.- 4.2. Synaptic Behavior of Neocortical Neurons.- 4.3. Intrinsic Connectivity of Neocortical Slices.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. References.- 13. Hypothalamic Neurobiology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Development of the Hypothalamic Slice Preparation.- 2.1. Motivating Factors.- 2.2. Early Problems Encountered.- 3. Hypothalamic Slice Preparations and Their Uses.- 3.1. Magnocellular Areas.- 3.2. Parvocellular Areas.- 4. Summary and Conclusions.- 5. References.- 14. Brain Slice Work: Some Prospects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Optimal Conditions.- 3. Slices from New Regions.- 4. New Uses of Slices.- 5. New Approaches in Slice Experiments.- 6. The Need for Correlation.- 7. References.- Appendix: Brain Slice Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Slices.- 2.1. Slicing the Brain.- 2.2. Slice Chambers.- 2.3. Bathing Medium Composition.- 2.4. Slice Thickness.- 3. Evaluation of Slice Data.- 3.1. General Remarks.- 3.2. Electrophysiology.- 3.3. Histology.- 3.4. Metabolism.- 3.5. Spreading Depression.- 4. Methods of Drug Application.- 4.1. Superfusion.- 4.2. TheNanodrop.- 4.3. Iontophoresis.- 4.4. The Pressure Pipette.- 4.5. Summary.- 5. Concluding Statement.- 6. References.