Preface xiii
1 Biotechnology and Various Environmental Concerns: An Introduction 1
Ravi K. Gangwar, Rajesh Bajpai, and Jaspal Singh
1.1 Introduction 1
References 7
2 Plant Biotechnology: Its Importance, Contribution to Agriculture and Environment, and Its Future Prospects 9
Jeny Jose and Csaba Éva
2.1 Where do Environment and Biotechnology Meet? 9
2.2 Understanding Agricultural Biotechnology 11
2.3 Animal and Plant Biotechnology 13
3 Recent Advances in the Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination with Microbes 31
Parvaze A. Wani and Salami O. Rahman
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Sources of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 32
3.3 Composition of Petroleum Pollutants 32
3.4 Toxic Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 33
3.5 Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microorganisms 34
3.6 Mechanism of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 36
3.7 Types of Hydrocarbon Degradation 38
3.8 Factors Affecting Hydrocarbon Degradation by Microorganisms 39
3.9 Conclusion 41
4 Remediation of Heavy Metals: Tools and Techniques 47
Ankita Singh and Amit Kumar Tripathi
4.1 Introduction 47
4.2 Bioremediation 48
4.3 Organism of Bioremediation 49
4.4 Techniques of Bioremediation 51
4.5 Types of Bioremediation 52
4.6 Prospects of Bioremediation 56
4.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bioremediation 57
4.8 Conclusion 59
5 Soil Biodiversity and Environmental Sustainability 69
Tsedekech G. Weldmichael
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Importance of Soil Biodiversity in Supporting Terrestrial Life and Diversity 71
5.3 Soil Biodiversity and Climate Change 75
5.4 Soil Biodiversity and Hydrological Cycle 77
5.5 Soil Biodiversity and Environmental Remediation 79
5.6 Conclusion 80
6 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria: Role, Applications, and Biotechnology 89
Induja Mishra, Pashupati Nath, Namita Joshi, and Bishwambhar D. Joshi
6.1 Introduction 89
6.2 Functions and Role of PGPR 90
6.3 Range and Different Diversity of PGPR 91
6.4 Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion by PGPR 94
6.5 Biotechnological Effects of PGPR 95
6.6 PGPR Cometabolism 100
6.7 Classification and Assortment of PGPR Strains 101
6.8 Commercial Significance of PGPR 101
6.9 Future Prospects of PGPR 102
6.10 Concluding Remarks of PGPR 103
7 A Green Approach for CO2 Fixation Using Microalgae Adsorption: Biotechnological Approach 115
Priyanka Raviraj and Syed Atif Ali
7.1 Introduction 115
7.2 Effect of CO2 Emissions on Environment 116
7.3 Advanced CO2-Capturing Methods 117
7.4 Biological Methods for CO2 Capturing 118
7.5 Earlier Technologies of Carbon Dioxide Capturing 119
7.6 Natural Carbon Capture Technology: Photosynthesis 120
7.7 Microalgae as the Modern Tool to Capture CO2 121
7.8 Biology of Microalgae as Photosynthetic Organisms and CO2 Absorbers 122
7.9 Conclusion 123
8 Assessment of In-Vitro Culture as a Sustainable and Eco-friendly Approach of Propagating Lichens and Their Constituent Organisms for Bioprospecting Applications 129
Amrita Kumari, Himani Joshi, Ankita H. Tripathi, Garima Chand, Penny Joshi, Lalit M. Tewari, Yogesh Joshi, Dalip K. Upreti, Rajesh Bajpai, and Santosh K. Upadhyay
8.1 Lichens and Their Structural Organization 129
8.2 Lichens and Bioprospection 131
8.3 Lichens as Sources of Unique Metabolites 132
8.4 Need of In Vitro Culture of Lichen and Lichen Components and Its Utility in Environment Conservation 134
8.5 In Vitro Culture of Lichens/Constituent Organisms 135
8.6 Use of In Vitro Lichen Culture for Bioprospecting 139
8.7 Challenges Associated 145
8.8 Conclusion 145
9 Bioprospection Potential of Indian Cladoniaceae Together with Its Distribution, Habitat Preference, and Biotechnological Prospects 155
Rajesh Bajpai, Upasana Pandey, Brahma N. Singh, Veena Pande, Chandra P. Singh, and Dalip K. Upreti
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Materials and Methods 159
9.3 Results and Discussion 160
9.4 Conclusions 182
10 Biotechnological Approach for the Wastewater Management 193
Anamika Agrawal, Sameer Chandra, Anand K. Gupta, Rajendra Singh, and Jaspal Singh
10.1 Introduction 193
10.2 Effects ofWater Pollution 195
10.3 Role of Biotechnology to ControlWater Pollution 196
10.4 Role of Biotechnology in Phytoremediation 205
10.5 Conclusion 207
11 The Application of Biotechnology in the Realm of Bioenergy and Biofuels 209
Manvi Singh, Namira Arif, and Anil Bhatia
11.1 Introduction 209
11.2 Bioenergy (Biomass Energy) 210
11.3 Conclusions 217
12 Nanotechnological Approach for the Abatement of Environmental Pollution: A Way Forward Toward a Clean Environment 221
Manzari Kushwaha, Anuradha Mishra, Divya Goel, and Shiv Shankar
12.1 Introduction 221
12.2 Nanoparticles: Properties, Types, and Route of Synthesis 222
12.3 Nanoremediation for Environment Cleanup 227
12.4 Challenges in Nanoremediation of the Environment and Solution 236
12.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 238
13 Role of Fatty Acids and Proteins in Alteration of Microbial Cell Surface Hydrophobicity: A Regulatory Factor of Environmental Biodegradation 249
Babita Kumari, Kriti Kriti, and Gayatri Singh
13.1 Introduction 249
13.2 Cell Surface Fatty Acids and Alteration in CSH 250
13.3 Proteins/Genes Responsible in CSH Modulation 253
13.4 Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 256
13.5 Factors that Influence Cell Surface Hydrophobicity 257
13.6 Conclusion 260
14 Chemical Sustainability for a Nontoxic Environment -- A Healthy Future 269
Puneet Khare, Shashi K. Tiwari, and Lakshmi Bala
14.1 Introduction 269
14.2 Basis of Sustainable Chemistry 271
14.3 Challenges in Front of Sustainable Chemistry 272
14.4 Green Chemistry: A Sustainable Approach at a Minor Level 273
14.5 Research and Education in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 274
14.6 Scope of the Concerned Field 274
14.7 Role of OECD Toward Sustainable Chemistry 275
14.8 Difference Between Green and Sustainable Chemistry 275
14.9 The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (EPA) 276
14.10 Applications and Innovations of Sustainable Chemistry 277
14.11 In the Pharmaceutical Industry 277
14.12 Intense Use of Renewable Resources 278
14.13 Improvement in Catalytic Methods 278
14.14 Encouragement of the Use of Biomass 278
14.15 Improvement of Lignocellulose Extraction Technology 278
14.16 Improvement in Solvents 278
14.17 Biocatalyst Advancement 279
14.18 Improvement in Plastic Technology 279
14.19 Techniques for Assessing Environmentally Friendly Chemical Processes and Products 280
14.20 R&D in Sustainable Chemical Fields 280
14.21 Benefits of Sustainable Chemistry 280
14.22 Conclusion 281
Acknowledgment 281
References 281
Index 285
