Wetland Systems (eBook)

Wetland Systems (eBook)

Wetland Systems covers broad water and environmental engineering aspects relevant for the drainage and treatment of storm water and wastewater. It provides a descriptive overview of complex 'black box' treatment systems and the general design issues involved. Standard and novel design recommendations for predominantly constructed wetlands and related sustainable drainage systems are given to take into account the interests of professional engineers and environmental scientists. Wetland Systems deals comprehensively with not only the design, operation, maintenance and water quality monitoring of traditional and novel wetland systems, but also covers: - Analysis of asset performance - Modelling of treatment processes - Performances of existing infrastructure - Sustainability and economic issues Solutions to pressing water quality problems associated with constructed treatment wetlands, integrated constructed wetlands, farm constructed wetlands and storm water ponds, and other sustainable biological filtration and treatment technologies linked to public health engineering are explained. Case study topics are diverse: natural wetlands and constructed treatment wetlands, sustainable water management, and specific applications, such as wetlands treating hydrocarbons. The research projects discussed are multi-disciplinary, holistic, experimental and modelling-orientated. Wetland Systems is a useful reference for the design and operation of wetland systems by engineers and scientists working for the water industry, non-governmental organisations, local authorities and governmental bodies. It is also a valuable text for undergraduate and postgraduate students, lecturers and researchers in civil and environmental engineering fields.

---

Inhaltsangabe

1;Preface;6 2;Acknowledgements;8 3;About the Author;9 4;Contents;11 5;Abbreviations;14 6;Chapter 1 - Introduction to Wetland Systems;16 6.1;1.1 Background;16 6.2;1.2 Definitions;18 6.3;1.3 Hydrology of Wetlands;18 6.4;1.4 Wetland Chemistry;20 6.5;1.5 Wetland System Mass Balance;23 6.6;1.6 Macrophytes in Wetlands;24 6.7;1.7 Physical and Biochemical Parameters;26 6.8;1.8 Constructed Treatment Wetlands;27 6.9;1.9 Constructed Wetlands Used for Storm Water Treatment;28 6.10;References;31 7;Chapter 2 - Wetland Case Studies;33 7.1;2.1 Integrated Constructed Wetlands for Treating Domestic Wastewater;33 7.1.1;2.1.1 Introduction;33 7.1.2;2.1.2 Materials and Methods;35 7.1.2.1;2.1.2.1 Site Description;35 7.1.2.2;2.1.2.2 Sampling and Analytical Methods;38 7.1.2.3;2.1.2.3 Statistical Analyses;40 7.1.3;2.1.3 Results and Discussion;40 7.1.3.1;2.1.3.1 Water Quality of the ICW System in Glaslough;40 7.1.3.2;2.1.3.2 Receiving Stream Water Quality;43 7.1.3.3;2.1.3.3 Groundwater Quality;44 7.1.3.4;2.1.3.4 Comparison of Nutrient Removal Performances;45 7.1.3.5;2.1.3.5 Comparison of Nutrient Reduction in Wetland Cells;46 7.1.4;2.1.4 Conclusions and Further Research Needs;50 7.2;2.2 Guidelines for Farmyard Runoff Treatment with Wetlands;50 7.2.1;2.2.1 Introduction;50 7.2.2;2.2.2 Farm Constructed Wetlands: Definition and Background;52 7.2.2.1;2.2.2.1 Introduction;52 7.2.2.2;2.2.2.2 Effluent Types and Processes;52 7.2.2.3;2.2.2.3 Functions, Values, and Principles;53 7.2.2.4;2.2.2.4 Benefits of Farm Constructed Wetlands;54 7.2.2.5;2.2.2.5 Limitations of Farm Constructed Wetlands;55 7.2.3;2.2.3 Farm Constructed Wetland Site Suitability;55 7.2.3.1;2.2.3.1 Effluent to Be Treated;55 7.2.3.2;2.2.3.2 Site Characteristics;56 7.2.3.3;2.2.3.3 Discharge Options;58 7.2.4;2.2.4 Design Guidelines for Farm Constructed Wetlands;59 7.2.4.1;2.2.4.1 Background and Water Treatment Requirements;59 7.2.4.2;2.2.4.2 Runoff Capture and Conveyance;60 7.2.4.3;2.2.4.3 Hydraulics, Water Balance, and Residence Time;60 7.2.4.4;2.2.4.4 Wetland Sizing, Inlet, and Outlet;61 7.2.4.5;2.2.4.5 Landscape Fit, Biodiversity, and Life Span;61 7.2.5;2.2.5 Construction and Planting;62 7.2.5.1;2.2.5.1 Construction;62 7.2.5.2;2.2.5.2 Planting;64 7.2.6;2.2.6 Maintenance and Operation;65 7.2.6.1;2.2.6.1 Pipe Maintenance and Flow Control;65 7.2.6.2;2.2.6.2 Vegetation and Sediment Maintenance;66 7.2.6.3;2.2.6.3 Safety, Security, and Maintenance;66 7.2.6.4;2.2.6.4 Monitoring the Final Effluent and Receiving Watercourses;67 7.2.7;2.2.7 Conclusions;67 7.3;2.3 Integrated Constructed Wetland for Treating Farmyard Runoff;68 7.3.1;2.3.1 Introduction;68 7.3.2;2.3.2 Material and Methods;69 7.3.2.1;2.3.2.1 Site Description;69 7.3.2.2;2.3.2.2 ICW Design;70 7.3.2.3;2.3.2.3 Sampling and Analytical Methods;71 7.3.2.4;2.3.2.4 Statistical Analyses and Limitations;74 7.3.3;2.3.3 Results and Discussion;75 7.3.3.1;2.3.3.1 Water Quality;75 7.3.3.2;2.3.3.2 Comparison of Annual Treatment Performances;75 7.3.3.3;2.3.3.3 Seasonal Performance;76 7.3.3.4;2.3.3.4 Flows;77 7.3.3.5;2.3.3.5 Receiving Stream Water Quality;78 7.3.3.6;2.3.3.6 Groundwater Quality;79 7.3.3.7;2.3.3.7 Nitrogen Transformations Within the Sediment;80 7.3.3.8;2.3.3.8 Integrated Constructed Wetland Sizing for Nutrient Reduction;81 7.3.3.9;2.3.3.9 Overall Catchment Characteristics;81 7.3.3.10;2.3.3.10 Soft Criteria;86 7.3.4;2.3.4 Conclusions;86 7.4;2.4 Integrated Constructed Wetlands for TreatingSwine Wastewater;87 7.4.1;2.4.1 Introduction and Agricultural Practice;87 7.4.2;2.4.2 International Design Guidelines: Global Scenario;88 7.4.2.1;2.4.2.1 American Guidelines;88 7.4.2.2;2.4.2.2 Other Guidelines;91 7.4.2.3;2.4.2.3 Recent Innovations;92 7.4.3;2.4.3 Operations;94 7.4.3.1;2.4.3.1 Loading and Flow Rates;94 7.4.3.2;2.4.3.2 Water Depth;95 7.4.3.3;2.4.3.3 Pretreatment of Wastewater;95 7.4.4;2.4.4 Macrophytes and Rural Biodiversity;97 7.4.4.1;2.4.4.1 Macrophyte Types and Characteristics;97 7.4.4.2;2.4.4.2 Toxicity Tolerance Thresholds;98 7.4.5;2.4.5 Nutrients;99 7.4.5.1;2.4.5.1 Nutrient Transformation Processes;99 7.4.5.2;2.4.5.2 Phosphorus;101 7.4.6;2.4.6 Pathogens, Odor, and Human Health;102 7.4.7;2.4.7 Conclusions and Further Research Needs;103 7.5;2.5 Wetlands to Control Runoff from Wood Storage Sites;103 7.5.1;2.5.1 Introduction and Objectives;103 7.5.2;2.5.2 Pollution Potential of Runoff from Wood Handling Sites;105 7.5.2.1;2.5.2.1 Reasons for Pollution Generation at Wood Handling Sites;105 7.5.2.2;2.5.2.2 Characteristics of Runoff;106 7.5.2.3;2.5.2.3 Effects of Runoff on Receiving Watercourses;108 7.5.3;2.5.3 Treatment Methods;109 7.5.3.1;2.5.3.1 Overview of Applied Treatment Technologies and Methods;109 7.5.3.2;2.5.3.2 Soil Infiltration;110 7.5.3.3;2.5.3.3 Wetland Treatment;111 7.5.3.4;2.5.3.4 Other Treatment Methods;113 7.5.3.5;2.5.3.5 Treatments Used for Organic Matter in Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater;114 7.5.4;2.5.4 Discussion, Conclusions, and Further Research;116 7.5.4.1;2.5.4.1 Discussion Concerning the Cost-effectivenessof the Treatment Methods;116 7.5.4.2;2.5.4.2 Summary of Conclusions;117 7.5.4.3;2.5.4.3 Further Recommended Research;118 7.6;2.6 Wetlands for Treating Hydrocarbons;119 7.6.1;2.6.1 Introduction;119 7.6.1.1;2.6.1.1 Constructed Treatment Wetlands;119 7.6.1.2;2.6.1.2 Benzene Removal;120 7.6.1.3;2.6.1.3 Novelty, Aim, and Objectives;122 7.6.2;2.6.2 Materials and Methods;122 7.6.2.1;2.6.2.1 Experimental System Design and Operation;122 7.6.2.2;2.6.2.2 Biodegradation and Volatilization Determination;126 7.6.3;2.6.3 Results and Discussion;127 7.6.3.1;2.6.3.1 Treatment Performance Comparisons;127 7.6.3.2;2.6.3.2 Impact of Volatilization;127 7.6.4;2.6.4 Conclusions;129 7.7;References;129 8;Chapter 3 - Carbon Storage and Fluxes Within Wetland Systems;141 8.1;3.1 Introduction;141 8.1.1;3.1.1 Wetlands and Processes;141 8.1.2;3.1.2 Global Warming;142 8.1.3;3.1.3 Purpose and Review Methodology;143 8.2;3.2 Carbon Turnover and Removal Mechanisms;143 8.2.1;3.2.1 Carbon Turnover;143 8.2.2;3.2.2 Carbon Components;144 8.2.3;3.2.3 Carbon Removal Mechanisms;144 8.3;3.3 Are Wetlands Carbon Sources or Sinks?;146 8.3.1;3.3.1 Wetlands as Carbon Sources;146 8.3.2;3.3.2 Wetlands as Carbon Sinks;150 8.4;3.4 Impact of Global Warming on Wetlands;152 8.5;3.5 Conclusions and Further Research Needs;154 8.6;References;154 9;Chapter 4 - Wetlands and Sustainable Drainage;162 9.1;4.1 Rapid Assessment Methodology for the Survey of Water Bodies;162 9.1.1;4.1.1 Introduction;162 9.1.1.1;4.1.1.1 Background;162 9.1.1.2;4.1.1.2 Rationale for Rapid Survey Method;163 9.1.1.3;4.1.1.3 Manpower and Equipment Requirements;164 9.1.1.4;4.1.1.4 Survey Template;165 9.1.1.5;4.1.1.5 Sustainable Flood Retention Basin Typology;166 9.1.2;4.1.2 How to Use This Guidance Manual;166 9.1.3;4.1.3 Assessment of Classification Variables;167 9.1.3.1;4.1.3.1 Overview;167 9.1.3.2;4.1.3.2 Engineered (%);167 9.1.3.3;4.1.3.3 Dam Height (m);168 9.1.3.4;4.1.3.4 Dam Length (m);168 9.1.3.5;4.1.3.5 Outlet Arrangement (%);168 9.1.3.6;4.1.3.6 Aquatic Animal Passage (%);169 9.1.3.7;4.1.3.7 Land Animal Passage (%);170 9.1.3.8;4.1.3.8 Flood Plain Elevation (m);171 9.1.3.9;4.1.3.9 Basin Channel Connectivity (m);171 9.1.3.10;4.1.3.10 Wetness (%);172 9.1.3.11;4.1.3.11 Proportion of Flow Within the Channel (%);172 9.1.3.12;4.1.3.12 Mean Flooding Depth (m);173 9.1.3.13;4.1.3.13 Typical Wetness Duration (d/a);173 9.1.3.14;4.1.3.14 Flood Duration (d/a);173 9.1.3.15;4.1.3.15 Basin Bed Gradient (%);174 9.1.3.16;4.1.3.16 Mean Basin Flood Velocity (cm/s);174 9.1.3.17;4.1.3.17 Wetted Perimeter (m);174 9.1.3.18;4.1.3.18 Maximum Flood Water Volume (m^3);174 9.1.3.19;4.1.3.19 Flood Water Surface Area (m^2);175 9.1.3.20;4.1.3.20 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm);175 9.1.3.21;4.1.3.21 Drainage (cm/d);175 9.1.3.22;4.1.3.22 Impermeable Soil Proportion (%);176 9.1.3.23;4.1.3.23 Seasonal Influence (%);176 9.1.3.24;4.1.3.24 Altitude (m);177 9.1.3.25;4.1.3.25 Vegetation Cover (%);177 9.1.3.26;4.1.3.26 Algal Cover in Summer (%);177 9.1.3.27;4.1.3.27 Relative Total Pollution (%);178 9.1.3.28;4.1.3.28 Mean Sediment Depth (cm);179 9.1.3.29;4.1.3.29 Organic Sediment Proportion (%);179 9.1.3.30;4.1.3.30 Flotsam Cover (%);180 9.1.3.31;4.1.3.31 Catchment Size (km^2);181 9.1.3.32;4.1.3.32 Urban Catchment Proportion (%);181 9.1.3.33;4.1.3.33 Arable Catchment Proportion (%);182 9.1.3.34;4.1.3.34 Pasture Catchment Proportion (%);182 9.1.3.35;4.1.3.35 Viniculture Catchment Proportion (%);182 9.1.3.36;4.1.3.36 Forest Catchment Proportion (%);183 9.1.3.37;4.1.3.37 Natural Catchment Proportion (%);183 9.1.3.38;4.1.3.38 Groundwater Infiltration (%);183 9.1.3.39;4.1.3.39 Mean Depth of Basin;184 9.1.3.40;4.1.3.40 Length of Basin (m);184 9.1.3.41;4.1.3.41 Width of Basin (m);185 9.1.4;4.1.4 Bias and Purpose;185 9.1.4.1;4.1.4.1 Overview;185 9.1.4.2;4.1.4.2 Dominant Hydraulic Purpose;185 9.1.4.3;4.1.4.3 Drinking Water Supply;185 9.1.4.4;4.1.4.4 Production Industry;186 9.1.4.5;4.1.4.5 Sustainable Drainage;186 9.1.4.6;4.1.4.6 Environmental Protection;186 9.1.4.7;4.1.4.7 Recreational Benefits;187 9.1.4.8;4.1.4.8 Landscape Aesthetics;187 9.1.5;4.1.5 Presentation of Findings Using Geostatistics;187 9.2;4.2 Classification of Sustainable Flood Retention Basin Types;190 9.2.1;4.2.1 Introduction and Objectives;190 9.2.2;4.2.2 Methodology;192 9.2.2.1;4.2.2.1 Identification of Sites and Definitions;192 9.2.2.2;4.2.2.2 Identification of Classification Variables;196 9.2.2.3;4.2.2.3 Rationale for the Elimination of Less Relevant Variables;198 9.2.2.4;4.2.2.4 Assignment of Sustainable Flood Retention Basin Types with the Help of Cluster Analyses;198 9.2.3;4.2.3 Findings and Discussion;199 9.2.3.1;4.2.3.1 Reduction Exercise for Classification Variables;199 9.2.3.2;4.2.3.2 Cluster Analyses;200 9.2.3.3;4.2.3.3 Groupings Based on Cluster Analysis;200 9.2.3.4;4.2.3.4 Application of Classification Methodology to Scotland;201 9.2.4;4.2.4 Conclusions;202 9.3;4.3 Combined Wetland and Detention Systems;202 9.3.1;4.3.1 Introduction;202 9.3.1.1;4.3.1.1 Background;202 9.3.1.2;4.3.1.2 Microbial Contamination;203 9.3.1.3;4.3.1.3 Modeling Approaches;205 9.3.1.4;4.3.1.4 Aim and Objectives;205 9.3.2;4.3.2 Methodology;205 9.3.2.1;4.3.2.1 Experimental System Set-up;205 9.3.2.2;4.3.2.2 Data Set;207 9.3.2.3;4.3.2.3 Modeling;207 9.3.2.4;4.3.2.4 Development of the Artificial Neural Network Model;209 9.3.3;4.3.3 Results and Discussion;211 9.3.3.1;4.3.3.1 Inflow and Outflow Water Quality;211 9.3.3.2;4.3.3.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analyses;211 9.3.3.3;4.3.3.3 Analyses of Variance;212 9.3.3.4;4.3.3.4 Artificial Neural Network Modeling;212 9.3.4;4.3.4 Conclusions;213 9.4;4.4 Integration of Trees into Drainage Planning;214 9.4.1;4.4.1 Introduction;214 9.4.1.1;4.4.1.1 Background;214 9.4.1.2;4.4.1.2 Traditional and Sustainable Urban Drainage;216 9.4.1.3;4.4.1.3 Aim and Objectives;216 9.4.2;4.4.2 Methodology;217 9.4.3;4.4.3 Results and Discussion;218 9.4.3.1;4.4.3.1 Lack of Tree Integration into Urban Drainage Systems;218 9.4.3.2;4.4.3.2 Rainfall and Land Use Characteristics;218 9.4.3.3;4.4.3.3 Rainfall Interception;219 9.4.3.4;4.4.3.4 Application of the Sustainable Urban Drainage System Decision Support Model;220 9.4.3.5;4.4.3.5 Design Recommendations;222 9.4.4;4.4.4 Conclusions;224 9.5;References;225 10;Chapter 5 - Modeling Complex Wetland Systems;230 10.1;5.1 Introduction;230 10.2;5.2 Methodology and Software;232 10.2.1;5.2.1 Case Study Sites;232 10.2.2;5.2.2 Data and Variables;233 10.2.3;5.2.3 Statistical Analyses;233 10.2.4;5.2.4 Self-organizing Map;234 10.3;5.3 Results and Discussion;236 10.3.1;5.3.1 Overall Performance;236 10.3.2;5.3.2 Model Application to Assess Nutrient Removal;237 10.3.3;5.3.3 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Predictions;240 10.4;5.4 Conclusions;242 10.5;References;243 11;Index;245