The CityForm consortium's latest book, Dimensions of the
Sustainable City, is the first book to report on an empirical
multi-disciplinary study specifically designed to address urban
sustainability. Drawing together the various dimensions of
sustainability - economic, social, transport, energy and ecological
- the book examines their relationships both to each other and to
urban form.The book investigates the sustainability dimensions of
cities through a series of projects based on a common list of
elements of urban form, and which draw on the consortium's
latest research to review the sustainability issues of each
dimension. The elements of urban form include density, land use,
location, accessibility, transport infrastructure and
characteristics of the built environment. The book also addresses
issues such as adapting cities, psychological and ecological
benefits of green space and sustainable lifestyles, each presenting
a critical review of the relevant literature followed by an
empirical analysis presenting the key results.Based on studies
across five UK cities, the book draws out findings of relevance to
sustainable cities worldwide. As well as an invaluable reference to
researchers in sustainable planning and urban design, the book will
provide a useful text for advanced undergraduate and graduate
courses and for policy makers dealing with these issues.The
CityForm consortium is a multi-disciplinary group of researchers
from five universities funded by the UK Engineering and Physical
Science Research Council from 2003-07.
From the reviews: "The book under review is part of the series on the core research focus of five aspects - energy, ecology, transport, social and economic dimension of sustainable development and their relation with urban form. Except two all experts are from UK and case studies also from UK. ... urban researchers will find the book stimulant." (Built Environment Newsletter, Issue 24, January-December, 2010)
Inhaltsangabe
1;Preface;5 2;Acknowledgements;6 3;Contents;7 4;Contributors;9 5;1 Issues and Concepts;12 5.1; What is Meant by the Sustainable City?;12 5.2; Urban Form and Claims to Sustainability;12 5.3; An issue of Global Significance;14 5.4; The Aim of the Book;16 5.5; Researching the Dimensions of the Sustainable City;16 5.5.1; Environmental Sustainability;17 5.5.2; Transport;18 5.5.3; Social Benefits;19 5.5.4; Economic Viability;20 5.5.4.1; Researching the Sustainable City;21 5.5.5; Methodology;22 5.6; The Structure of the Book;23 5.7;References;27 6;2 Elements of Urban Form;31 6.1; Introduction;31 6.2; Elements of Urban Form;31 6.2.1; Density;33 6.2.2; Land Use;33 6.2.3; Accessibility and Transport Infrastructure;34 6.2.4; Urban Layout;35 6.2.5; Housing and Building Characteristics;35 6.2.6; Integrated Elements;35 6.3; Measuring Urban Form;36 6.4; Measuring Density;37 6.5; Measuring Land Use;37 6.6; Measuring Accessibility and Transport Infrastructure;37 6.7; Measuring Housing/Building Characteristics;39 6.8; Measuring Layout;39 6.9; Measuring Overview;42 6.10; Case Study Areas: Profiles;42 6.11; Case Study Cities;42 6.11.1; General Characteristics of the Five Cities;45 6.11.2; Some Physical Characteristics of the Five Cities;45 6.12; Case Study Neighbourhoods;46 6.12.1; Characteristics of Neighbourhoods;47 6.12.2; Layouts of Neighbourhoods;47 6.13; Summary and Conclusions;48 6.14;References;60 7;3 Travel and Mobility;62 7.1; Introduction;62 7.2; Research Approach;64 7.2.1; Data;65 7.2.2; Measures of Urban Form;65 7.2.3; Analysis;66 7.3; Household Car Availability;66 7.4; Trip Generation;68 7.4.1; Trip Frequency;69 7.4.2; Use of Local Amenities;72 7.4.3; Trip Generation: Summary;74 7.5; Distance Travelled;75 7.6; Conclusions;81 7.7;References;82 8;4 Environment and Biodiversity;84 8.1; Introduction;84 8.2; Green Space and Urban Form;86 8.3; Ecosystem Services and Urban Form;92 8.3.1; Temperature Regulation;93 8.3.2; Water Regulation;95 8.3.3; Carbon Sequestration;96 8.3.4; Pollination;99 8.3.5; Provision of Pest Control;100 8.3.6; Recreation;101 8.4; Biodiversity and Urban Form;102 8.5; Conclusions;106 8.6;References;107 9;5 Social Acceptability;113 9.1; Introduction;113 9.2; Defining Social Sustainability;113 9.2.1; Social Capital, Social Cohesion and Social Inclusion;115 9.2.2; A Working Definition of Social Sustainability;116 9.2.3; The Relationship Between Social Sustainability and Urban Form;118 9.3; Measuring Social Sustainability;119 9.4; Quantitative Relationships;121 9.4.1; Descriptive Patterns;122 9.4.2; Regression Modelling Results;122 9.4.3; Summarizing the Urban form Relationships;126 9.4.4; Other Area Effects;128 9.5; Qualitative Findings: Use of Focus Groups;129 9.5.1; Local Services and Spaces;130 9.5.2; Community and Attachment;131 9.6; Conclusions;132 9.7;References;132 10;6 Energy Use;137 10.1; Introduction;137 10.2; Energy Use and Urban Form;137 10.3; Modelling Domestic Energy Consumption;139 10.3.1; Fabric;139 10.3.2; Occupancy;140 10.3.3; Use of Household Appliances;141 10.4; Research Method;142 10.4.1; Selection of Samples;143 10.4.2; Design of Survey Instrument;144 10.4.3; Energy Consumption of Individual Properties;145 10.4.4; Data Analysis Procedure;145 10.5; Results of Analysis;146 10.6; Discussion of Key Findings;148 10.7; Conclusions;150 10.8;References;151 11;7 Economic Viability;152 11.1; Introduction;152 11.2; Economics of City Form;152 11.2.1; Land Use Patterns;153 11.2.2; Accessibility/Transport Infrastructure;153 11.2.3; Density;154 11.2.4; Characteristics of the Built Environment;154 11.3; Urban Form, Economic Performance and Sustainability;155 11.4; The Economic Viability of Individual Land Uses;158 11.4.1; Offices;158 11.4.2; Retailing;159 11.4.3; Commercial and Retail Change;160 11.4.4; Housing;161 11.5; Infrastructure Costs and City Form;164 11.6; Conclusions;166 11.7;References;168 12;8 Adapting the City;170 12.1; Introduction;170 12.2; Emergence of Indicators of Sustainable Development;170 12.2.1; Current Practice in Urban Regeneration and Development;171 12.2.2; Urban renaissance and Sustainable Urban Neighbourhoods;172 12.3; The Implications of the Growing Demand for Additional Housing;172 12.4; Urban Intensification;174 12.5; Developing a Tool for the Measurement of Sustainability;175 12.6; Application of the Tool for the Measurement of Levels of (Un)sustainability of Urban Areas;177 12.6.1; The Investigation of the Govan Areas;182 12.6.2; Detailed Investigation of the Drumoyne Area;184 12.7; Conclusions;187 12.8;References;189 13;9 Neighbourhood Design and Sustainable Lifestyles;190 13.1; Introduction;190 13.2; Why Do We Need to Investigate the Effectiveness of New Sustainable Housing Developments?;191 13.3; How was the Relationship Between the Built Environment and Sustainable Behaviour Conceptualised?;191 13.4; Research Methods;193 13.5; Comparison Surveys;194 13.6; Understanding How Sustainable Design Features in Housing Schemes Could Support or Enable Sustainable Behaviour;194 13.7; Which Behaviours Did We Study?;195 13.7.1; Home-Based Sustainable Behaviours;195 13.7.1.1; Reducing Home Energy Consumption;195 13.7.1.2; Using Water Efficiently;196 13.7.1.3; Waste Recycling and Composting;196 13.7.1.4; Encouraging Wildlife in Gardens;196 13.7.2; Travel Behaviour and Car Ownership;197 13.7.2.1; Making Fewer and Shorter Journeys by Car, and Using More Fuel-Efficient Modes of Transport;197 13.7.2.2; Car Owning;197 13.7.3; Social Sustainability: Social Participation and the Use of Local Services and Facilities;198 13.7.3.1; Social Participation;198 13.7.3.2; Use of Local Services, Amenities and Businesses;199 13.8; The Sustainable Developments;199 13.9; Differences Between the Sustainable Behaviours Study and the Comparison Surveys;202 13.10; Residents Attitudes Towards, and Knowledge of, Sustainable and Environmental Issues;207 13.11; Findings on Sustainable Behaviours;208 13.11.1; Home Energy Use and Water Efficiency;210 13.11.2; Waste Recycling and Composting;211 13.11.3; Encouraging Wildlife;213 13.11.4; Making Fewer and Shorter Journeys by Car, and Using More Fuel-Efficient Modes of Transport;213 13.11.5; Car Owning;215 13.11.6; Social Participation;217 13.11.7; Use of Local Services;217 13.12; Conclusions;218 13.13;References;219 14;10 Ecological and Psychological Value of Urban Green Space;222 14.1; Introduction;222 14.2; People and Urban Nature;223 14.2.1; Human Impacts on Urban Nature;223 14.2.2; Urban Nature Impacts on People;224 14.3; Interactions Between People and Urban Nature;225 14.3.1; Public Green Space;225 14.3.1.1; Patterns of Use and Visit Motivations;225 14.3.1.2; Biodiversity Management;229 14.3.2; Private Green Space;232 14.3.2.1; Gardens and Well-Being;232 14.3.2.2; Wildlife Gardening;233 14.3.3; Spatial Configuration of Biodiversity and People in the Landscape;233 14.4; Conclusion;237 14.5;References;239 15;11 Complementarities and Contradictions;245 15.1; Introduction;245 15.2; Urban Form;247 15.3; Core Sustainability Dimensions;247 15.3.1; Transport: Travel and Mobility;248 15.3.2; Environment: Ecology and Biodiversity;249 15.3.3; Social Acceptability;250 15.3.4; Environment: Energy Use;252 15.3.5; Economic Viability;252 15.4; Some Key Sustainability Issues;253 15.4.1; Intensifying Neighbourhood Density;253 15.4.2; Sustainable Developments and Sustainable Behaviour;254 15.4.3; Ecological and Psychological Benefits of Urban Green Space;255 15.5; Urban Form and Sustainability;256 15.6; Towards Urban Sustainability;258 15.7; A Wider Perspective;259 15.8; Conclusions;261 16;Appendix A: MCA Spatial Analysis;263 16.1; Notes;265 17;Appendix B: Overview of Case Study Neighbourhoods;266 17.1; Inner Neighbourhoods;266 17.2; Between Neighbourhoods;270 17.3; Outer Neighbourhoods;271 18;Index;272
