Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries 2009: Monitoring and Evaluation (eBook)

Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries 2009: Monitoring and Evaluation (eBook)

This report is a unique source of up-to-date estimates of support to agriculture. It provides an overview of agricultural support in the OECD area, complemented by individual chapters on agricultural policy developments in all OECD countries. This edition finds that overall support to farmers in OECD countries has been declining. It shows that the decline has largely been due to a narrowing of the gap between domestic and world agricultural commodity prices.

The report also focuses on the impacts of the current financial and economic crisis on agriculture, and the policy responses. Agriculture is expected to fare better than many other sectors. It has a relatively smaller financial exposure, demand is less sensitive to income falls, and the existing set of support policies in many countries can dampen the impact of the crisis. Governments are facing tighter fiscal conditions, which is likely to prompt further review of support policies, including for agriculture.

The 2008 United States Farm Act, the Health Check of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy and the new Growing Forward policy framework in Canada are also reviewed in the report. A special feature in the report focuses on agri-environmental policies in OECD countries.

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1;Foreword;5 2;Table of Contents;7 3;List of Acronyms;13 4;Executive Summary;15 5;Part I.Main Policy Developments and Policy Evaluation;21 5.1;Chapter 1.Evaluation of Recent Developments in Agricultural Policy and Support;23 5.1.1;Key economic and market developments;24 5.1.1.1;The world economy was overwhelmed by financial and economic crisis…;24 5.1.1.2;... occurring at a time when commodity prices began falling from their historical peaks...;24 5.1.1.2.1;Box 1.1. The timing of the economic crisis and the wide swing in commodity prices;25 5.1.1.2.1.1;Figure 1.1. Macroeconomic and commodity price indicators in OECD countries;25 5.1.2;Implications of financial and economic crisis, and agricultural policy responses;27 5.1.2.1;The implications of the crisis for agriculture are still evolving…;27 5.1.2.2;... and while the agro-food sector is affected by tightened credit, agriculture may fare better than other sectors;27 5.1.2.2.1;Table 1.1. Credit to agriculture;27 5.1.2.3;The sector registered record revenues in 2008, although some farmers may be under short run pressure;28 5.1.2.3.1;Table 1.2. Farm income and farm receipts in selected OECD countries;29 5.1.2.4;Food demand has low income elasticity, but demand shortfalls will differ across sectors…;28 5.1.2.5;... and relative economic performance will determine the scope and direction of structural adjustment;29 5.1.2.5.1;Figure 1.2. Resilience of agriculture facing financial and economic crisis: illustrative sectoral examples;30 5.1.2.6;Governments, particularly in developing countries, have reacted to price fluctuations…;30 5.1.2.7;... and some have adopted aid packages for agriculture in response to the financial crisis;31 5.1.3;Main changes in agricultural policies;31 5.1.3.1;Broad new policy frameworks have been agreed in several OECD countries…;31 5.1.3.1.1;Box 1.2. At a Glance: Policy Reforms in Canada, European Union and the United States;32 5.1.3.2;Market interventions were somewhat reduced or adapted…;35 5.1.3.3;... but product or sector specific measures remain widespread…;36 5.1.3.4;... and the focus on more decoupled direct payments differs across countries;36 5.1.3.5;Risk-related policies become more prominent amid strong price fluctuations, economic crisis and climate change…;37 5.1.3.6;… and there are efforts to find more stable approaches to disaster assistance…;37 5.1.3.7;... while animal disease control is reinforced;38 5.1.3.8;There are attempts to respond to climate change, while agri-environmental programmes expand…;38 5.1.3.9;... and initiatives to support biofuels production continue;39 5.1.3.10;Other policy initiatives concerned rural development, competitiveness and on-farm investment…;39 5.1.3.11;… new regulations on country of origin labelling were adopted…;40 5.1.3.12;… and some policy procedures simplified;40 5.1.3.13;Trade policy was overshadowed by a lack of agreement on modalities for DDA…;40 5.1.3.14;… and many OECD countries pursued bilateral trade agreements…;41 5.1.3.15;… tariff cuts were announced, but many in response to short-run market conditions…;41 5.1.3.16;… some export subsidies were reduced or abolished, others re-introduced;41 5.1.4;Developments in agricultural support;42 5.1.4.1;Producer support continued to decline in the OECD area, but the rate of decline moderated…;42 5.1.4.1.1;Figure 1.3. Evolution of OECD support indicators, 1986-2008;42 5.1.4.1.2;Table 1.3. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture;43 5.1.4.1.3;Table 1.4. OECD: Estimates of support to agriculture;44 5.1.4.2;World prices drove changes in 2008 support level, together with exchange rate movements;45 5.1.4.2.1;Table 1.5. Contribution to changes in Producer Support Estimate by country, 2007 to 2008;45 5.1.4.3;Large variations in support levels across the OECD remain;46 5.1.4.3.1;Figure 1.4. Producer Support Estimate by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;47 5.1.4.4;Consumer cost of policies fell in line with changes in MPS;47 5.1.4.4.1;Figure 1.5. Consumer Support Estimate by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;48 5.1.4.5;The share of support based on commodity output is declining in OECD area…;48 5.1.4.5.1;Figure 1.6. OECD: Composition of Producer Support Estimate, 1986-2008;49 5.1.4.6;… but the shift away from distorting support is uneven across countries;49 5.1.4.6.1;Figure 1.7. Composition of Producer Support Estimate by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;50 5.1.4.7;Overall, the level of price protection is falling…;49 5.1.4.7.1;Figure 1.8. Producer Nominal Protection Coefficient by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;51 5.1.4.8;… but many commodities continue to receive specific support from policies;50 5.1.4.8.1;Figure 1.9. OECD: Single Commodity Transfers, 1986-88 and 2006-08;52 5.1.4.9;More support is provided with no requirement to produce…;51 5.1.4.9.1;Figure 1.10. Use of payments not requiring production by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;53 5.1.4.10;… and policies progressively impose various constraints on producers;52 5.1.4.10.1;Figure 1.11. Payments with input constraints, 1986-88 and 2006-08;54 5.1.4.11;The weight of general support to the sector has increased…;55 5.1.4.11.1;Figure 1.12. OECD: Composition of General Services Support Estimate by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;56 5.1.4.12;… and the total burden of agricultural support on OECD countries has fallen;55 5.1.4.12.1;Figure 1.13. Total Support Estimate by country, 1986-88 and 2006-08;56 5.1.5;Assessment of reform progress;57 5.1.5.1;The overall trend towards less production and trade distortion continued…;57 5.1.5.1.1;Figure 1.14. OECD: Changes in level and composition of producer support;57 5.1.5.2;The move towards decoupling and targeting is playing a leading role in reform…;59 5.1.5.3;... however recent reduction in policy distortions is partly due to high prices;59 5.1.5.4;Recession and price spikes were not main drivers of the new agricultural policy frameworks in 2008…;60 5.1.5.5;... but are unlikely to be neutral for the reform process;60 5.1.6;Notes;61 5.1.7;References;61 5.1.8;Annex Table 1.1. Selected policy responses to agricultural price fluctuations and the financial crisis;62 5.1.9;Annex Table 1.2. Contribution to change in Market Price Support by country, 2007 to 2008;64 5.1.10;Annex Table 1.3. Contribution to change in Border Price by country, 2007 to 2008;65 5.1.11;Annex 1.A. Policy Principles and Operational Criteria;66 5.1.12;Annex 1.B. Definitions of OECD Indicators of Agricultural Support;67 5.1.13;Annex 1.C. The PSE Classification;69 5.1.13.1;Annex Box 1.A. Classification of PSE and related support indicators applied until 2006;71 5.1.13.2;Annex Box 1.B. Classification of PSE applied from 2007;72 5.1.13.3;Annex Box 1.C. Definitions of categories in the new PSE classification;73 5.2;Chapter 2.Developments in Agri-environmental Policies in OECD Countries;79 5.2.1;Targeting policies to address environmental issues in agriculture;81 5.2.1.1;Soil protection/soil quality;82 5.2.1.2;Water quality/water protection (including reduction of pollution);83 5.2.1.3;Biodiversity;84 5.2.1.4;Landscape;85 5.2.1.5;Climate change — air pollution;85 5.2.2;Policy instruments to address environmental issues in agriculture;86 5.2.2.1;Regulatory requirements;86 5.2.2.2;Agri-environmental payments;87 5.2.2.3;Environmental taxes;87 5.2.2.4;Tradable rights and quotas;87 5.2.2.5;Environmental cross-compliance;88 5.2.2.6;Community-based approaches;88 5.2.2.7;Research and extension;88 5.2.3;Agri-environmental payments in the overall framework of agricultural policy;88 5.2.3.1;Agri-environmental payments in OECD countries;89 5.2.3.1.1;Box 2.1. Classification of agri-environmental payments in the Inventory;89 5.2.3.2;Agri-environmental payments in the PSE classification;94 5.2.3.2.1;Table 2.1. Total agri-environmental payments1 in selected OECD countries, 1996-2008;97 5.2.3.2.2;Box 2.2. How agri-environmental payments are classified in the PSE;95 5.2.3.2.2.1;Figure 2.1. Structure of agri-environmental payments in selected OECD countries in 1996-98 and 2006-08;96 5.2.4;Summary and conclusions;97 5.2.5;Notes;99 6;Part II.Country Chapters;101 6.1;Chapter 3.Australia;102 6.1.1;Figure 3.1. Australia: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;102 6.1.2;Summary of policy developments;103 6.1.2.1;Figure 3.2. Australia: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;103 6.1.2.2;Figure 3.3. Australia: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;103 6.1.2.3;Table 3.1. Australia: Estimates of support to agriculture;104 6.1.2.4;Box 3.1. Australia: Commodity specificity of support;105 6.1.2.4.1;Figure 3.4. Australia: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;105 6.1.2.4.2;Figure 3.5. Australia: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;105 6.1.3;Description of policy developments;106 6.1.3.1;Main policy instruments;106 6.1.3.2;Domestic policy;106 6.1.3.3;Trade policy;109 6.2;Chapter 4. Canada;110 6.2.1;Figure 4.1. Canada: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;110 6.2.2;Summary of policy developments;111 6.2.2.1;Figure 4.2. Canada: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;111 6.2.2.2;Figure 4.3. Canada: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;111 6.2.2.3;Table 4.1. Canada: Estimates of support to agriculture;112 6.2.2.4;Box 4.1. Canada: Commodity specificity of support;113 6.2.2.4.1;Figure 4.4. Canada: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;113 6.2.2.4.2;Figure 4.5. Canada: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;113 6.2.3;Description of policy developments;114 6.2.3.1;Main policy instruments;114 6.2.3.2;Domestic policy;114 6.2.3.3;Trade policy;116 6.3;Chapter 5.European Union;118 6.3.1;Figure 5.1. European Union: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;118 6.3.2;Summary of policy developments;119 6.3.2.1;Figure 5.2. European Union: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;119 6.3.2.2;Figure 5.3. European Union: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;119 6.3.2.3;Table 5.1. European Union: Estimates of support to agriculture (EU27);120 6.3.2.4;Table 5.2. European Union: Estimates of support to agriculture (EU25);121 6.3.2.5;Box 5.1. European Union: Commodity specificity of support;122 6.3.2.5.1;Figure 5.4. European Union: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;122 6.3.2.5.2;Figure 5.5. European Union: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;123 6.3.3;Description of policy developments;124 6.3.3.1;Main policy instruments;124 6.3.3.1.1;Box 5.2. Health Check;126 6.3.3.2;Domestic policy;125 6.3.3.2.1;Figure 5.6. European Union: EAGF and EAFRD expenditures by member state, 2008;126 6.3.3.2.2;Reforms of commodity regimes;128 6.3.3.2.2.1;Box 5.3. Reform of the Common Market Organisation for Fruits and Vegetables;128 6.3.3.2.2.2;Box 5.4. Reform of the Common Market Organisation for Wine;130 6.3.3.2.3;Direct payment schemes;131 6.3.3.2.3.1;Table 5.3. Main Complementary National Direct Payments (CNDPs) in new member states;133 6.3.3.2.4;Rural development schemes;133 6.3.3.2.4.1;Figure 5.7. Distribution of EU and national RDP funds by Axis, by member state, 2007-13;134 6.3.3.2.4.2;Figure 5.8. Distribution of EAFRD expenditures by Axis and measures in 2008;135 6.3.3.2.5;Disaster aid/insurance schemes;137 6.3.3.2.6;Responses to high input prices and the economic crisis;138 6.3.3.2.7;Animal disease measures;139 6.3.3.2.8;Support to biomass and bio-energy;141 6.3.3.2.9;Domestic food aid;141 6.3.3.2.10;Regulations;141 6.3.3.2.11;Institutions;142 6.3.3.2.12;Assistance to non-EU farmers and rural areas;143 6.3.3.3;Trade policy;144 6.3.3.4;Notes;146 6.3.4;Annex Figure 5.1. RDP Funds by Axis in member states: EU and national contribution, 2007-13;147 6.3.5;Annex Table 5.1. Measures chosen by member states in RDPs for 2007-13;148 6.3.6;Annex Table 5.2. EU and National RDP funds by Axis and by member state, 2007-13;150 6.4;Chapter 6.Iceland;151 6.4.1;Figure 6.1. Iceland: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;151 6.4.2;Summary of policy developments;152 6.4.2.1;Figure 6.2. Iceland: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;152 6.4.2.2;Figure 6.3. Iceland: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;152 6.4.2.3;Table 6.1. Iceland: Estimates of support to agriculture;153 6.4.2.4;Box 6.1. Iceland: Commodity specificity of support;154 6.4.2.4.1;Figure 6.4. Iceland: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;154 6.4.2.4.2;Figure 6.5. Iceland: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;154 6.4.3;Description of policy developments;155 6.4.3.1;Main policy instruments;155 6.4.3.2;Domestic policy;155 6.4.3.3;Trade policy;156 6.4.3.4;Notes;156 6.5;Chapter 7. Japan;157 6.5.1;Figure 7.1. Japan: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;157 6.5.2;Summary of policy developments;158 6.5.2.1;Figure 7.2. Japan: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;158 6.5.2.2;Figure 7.3. Japan: Producer SCT by Commodity, 2006-08;158 6.5.2.3;Table 7.1. Japan: Estimates of support to agriculture;159 6.5.2.4;Box 7.1. Japan: Commodity specificity of support;160 6.5.2.4.1;Figure 7.4. Japan: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;160 6.5.2.4.2;Figure 7.5. Japan: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;160 6.5.3;Description of policy developments;161 6.5.3.1;Main policy instruments;161 6.5.3.2;Domestic policy;161 6.5.3.2.1;Table 7.2. Japan: Administered prices;162 6.5.3.2.2;Table 7.3. Japan: Guaranteed prices for calves per head;162 6.5.3.3;Trade policy;163 6.6;Chapter 8. Korea;164 6.6.1;Figure 8.1. Korea: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;164 6.6.2;Summary of policy developments;165 6.6.2.1;Figure 8.2. Korea: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;165 6.6.2.2;Figure 8.3. Korea: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;165 6.6.2.3;Table 8.1. Korea: Estimates of support to agriculture;166 6.6.2.4;Box 8.1. Korea: Commodity specificity of support;167 6.6.2.4.1;Figure 8.4. Korea: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;167 6.6.2.4.2;Figure 8.5. Korea: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;167 6.6.3;Description of policy developments;168 6.6.3.1;Main policy instruments;168 6.6.3.2;Domestic policy;168 6.6.3.2.1;Table 8.2. Korea: Outlays for direct payments;170 6.6.3.3;Trade policy;170 6.6.3.3.1;Table 8.3. Korea: Minimum market access for rice;171 6.7;Chapter 9.Mexico;172 6.7.1;Figure 9.1. Mexico: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;172 6.7.2;Summary of policy developments;173 6.7.2.1;Figure 9.2. Mexico: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1991-2008;173 6.7.2.2;Figure 9.3. Mexico: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;173 6.7.2.3;Table 9.1. Mexico: Estimates of support to agriculture;174 6.7.2.4;Box 9.1. Mexico: Commodity specificity of support;175 6.7.2.4.1;Figure 9.4. Mexico: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1991-2008;175 6.7.2.4.2;Figure 9.5. Mexico: Other Transfers to Producers, 1991-2008;175 6.7.3;Description of policy developments;176 6.7.3.1;Main policy instruments;176 6.7.3.2;Domestic policy;176 6.7.3.3;Trade policy;178 6.8;Chapter 10.New Zealand;179 6.8.1;Figure 10.1. New Zealand: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;179 6.8.2;Summary of policy developments;180 6.8.2.1;Figure 10.2. New Zealand: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;180 6.8.2.2;Figure 10.3. New Zealand: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;180 6.8.2.3;Table 10.1. New Zealand: Estimates of support to agriculture;181 6.8.2.4;Box 10.1. New Zealand: Commodity specificity of support;182 6.8.2.4.1;Figure 10.4. New Zealand: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;182 6.8.3;Description of policy developments;183 6.8.3.1;Main policy instruments;183 6.8.3.2;Domestic policy;183 6.8.3.3;Trade policy;185 6.9;Chapter 11.Norway;186 6.9.1;Figure 11.1. Norway: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;186 6.9.2;Summary of policy developments;187 6.9.2.1;Figure 11.2. Norway: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;187 6.9.2.2;Figure 11.3. Norway: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;187 6.9.2.3;Table 11.1. Norway: Estimates of support to agriculture;188 6.9.2.4;Box 11.1. Norway: Commodity specificity of support;189 6.9.2.4.1;Figure 11.4. Norway: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;189 6.9.2.4.2;Figure 11.5. Norway: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;189 6.9.3;Description of policy developments;190 6.9.3.1;Main policy instruments;190 6.9.3.1.1;Domestic policy;190 6.9.3.1.2;Trade policy;192 6.10;Chapter 12.Switzerland;193 6.10.1;Figure 12.1. Switzerland: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;193 6.10.2;Summary of policy developments;194 6.10.2.1;Figure 12.2. Switzerland: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;194 6.10.2.2;Figure 12.3. Switzerland: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;194 6.10.2.3;Table 12.1. Switzerland: Estimates of support to agriculture;195 6.10.2.4;Box 12.1. Switzerland: Commodity specificity of support;196 6.10.2.4.1;Figure 12.4. Switzerland: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2006;196 6.10.2.4.2;Figure 12.5. Switzerland: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;196 6.10.3;Description of policy developments;197 6.10.3.1;Main policy instruments;197 6.10.3.2;Domestic policy;197 6.10.3.2.1;Table 12.2. Switzerland: Outlays for direct payments;198 6.10.3.3;Trade policy;199 6.10.3.4;Notes;200 6.11;Chapter 13.Turkey;201 6.11.1;Figure 13.1. Turkey: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;201 6.11.2;Summary of policy developments;202 6.11.2.1;Figure 13.2. Turkey: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2006;202 6.11.2.2;Figure 13.3. Turkey: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;202 6.11.2.3;Table 13.1. Turkey: Estimates of support to agriculture;203 6.11.2.4;Box 13.1. Turkey: Commodity specificity of support;204 6.11.2.4.1;Figure 13.4. Turkey: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;204 6.11.2.4.2;Figure 13.5. Turkey: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;204 6.11.3;Description of policy developments;205 6.11.3.1;Main policy instruments;205 6.11.3.2;Domestic policy;205 6.11.3.2.1;Table 13.2. Turkey: Purchasing prices for cereals, sugar and tobacco;206 6.11.3.3;Trade policy;208 6.11.3.3.1;Table 13.3. Turkey: Export subsidy rates, 2008;208 6.12;Chapter 14.United States;209 6.12.1;Figure 14.1. United States: Producer Support Estimate, 2006-08;209 6.12.2;Summary of policy developments;210 6.12.2.1;Figure 14.2. United States: PSE level and composition by support categories, 1986-2008;210 6.12.2.2;Figure 14.3. United States: Producer SCT by commodity, 2006-08;210 6.12.2.3;Table 14.1. United States: Estimates of support to agriculture;211 6.12.2.4;Box 14.1. United States: Commodity specificity of support;212 6.12.2.4.1;Figure 14.4. United States: PSE level and commodity specificity, 1986-2008;212 6.12.2.4.2;Figure 14.5. United States: Other Transfers to Producers, 1986-2008;212 6.12.3;Description of policy developments;213 6.12.3.1;Main policy instruments;213 6.12.3.2;Domestic policy;214 6.12.3.2.1;Main provisions of Food, Conservation and Energy Act;214 6.12.3.2.1.1;Table 14.2. United States : Payment rates for crops under the 2002 Farm Act and under the 2008 Farm Act;214 6.12.3.3;Trade policy;219 7;Part III. Summary Tables of Estimates of Support for OECD Countries;221 7.1;Table III.1. OECD: Producer Support Estimate by country;222 7.2;Table III.2. OECD: Consumer Support Estimate by country;224 7.3;Table III.3. OECD: General Services Support Estimate by country;226 7.4;Table III.4. OECD: Total Support Estimate by country;227 7.5;Table III.5. OECD: Composition of Producer Support Estimate by country;228 7.6;Table III.6. OECD: Characteristics of policy support by country;230 7.7;Table III.7. OECD: Composition of General Services Support Estimate;232 7.8;Table III.8. OECD: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;234 7.9;Table III.9. OECD: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;235 7.10;Table III.10. Australia: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;236 7.11;Table III.11. Canada: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;237 7.12;Table III.12a. European Union: Producer Single Commodity Transfers (EU27);238 7.13;Table III.12b. European Union: Producer Single Commodity Transfers (EU25);239 7.14;Table III.13. Iceland: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;240 7.15;Table III.14. Japan: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;241 7.16;Table III.15. Korea: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;242 7.17;Table III.16. Mexico: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;243 7.18;Table III.17. New Zealand: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;244 7.19;Table III.18. Norway: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;245 7.20;Table III.19. Switzerland: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;246 7.21;Table III.20. Turkey: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;247 7.22;Table III.21. United States: Producer Single Commodity Transfers;248 7.23;Table III.22. OECD: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;249 7.24;Table III.23. OECD: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;250 7.25;Table III.24. Australia: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;251 7.26;Table III.25. Canada: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;252 7.27;Table III.26a. European Union: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers (EU27);253 7.28;Table III.26b. European Union: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers (EU25);254 7.29;Table III.27. Iceland: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;255 7.30;Table III.28. Japan: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;256 7.31;Table III.29. Korea: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;257 7.32;Table III.30. Mexico: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;258 7.33;Table III.31. New Zealand: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;259 7.34;Table III.32. Norway: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;260 7.35;Table III.33. Switzerland: Consumer Single Commodity Transfer;261 7.36;Table III.34. Turkey: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;262 7.37;Table III.35. United States: Consumer Single Commodity Transfers;263 7.38;Table III.36. Australia: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;264 7.39;Table III.37. Canada: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;265 7.40;Table III.38a. European Union: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income (EU27);266 7.41;Table III.38b. European Union: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income (EU25);267 7.42;Table III.39. Iceland: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;268 7.43;Table III.40. Japan: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;269 7.44;Table III.41. Korea: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;270 7.45;Table III.42. Mexico: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;271 7.46;Table III.43. New Zealand: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;272 7.47;Table III.44. Norway: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;273 7.48;Table III.45. Switzerland: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;274 7.49;Table III.46. Turkey: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;275 7.50;Table III.47. United States: Payments made on the basis of area, animal numbers, receipts or income;276 7.51;Data improvements implemented in the 2009 PSE/CSE Database;277